Global warming Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global warming - Speech or Presentation Example Pollution refers to any foreign material that is discharged into water, air or land. These materials either have acute or chronic effects on the environment. The pollutants discharged into air lead to global warming. Some of the pollutants include Carbon IV oxide, methane, nitrous oxide, fluorinated gases among others (Faust, 2008, p51). The greenhouse effect is the leading factor that leads to global warming. The Greenhouse effect, as it is commonly known, refers to the consequences of the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere (Faust, 2008, p79). Greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation from sunlight and in the process trap heat in the atmosphere. The production of greenhouse has increased in the recent past and this attributable to the pace of modernization. Fossil fuels are still being used in factories and vehicles, in spite being in the 21st century fossil fuels. The combustion of fossil fuels increases the percentage of CO2 in the atmosphere (Faust, 2008, p83). The increase in the percentage of Carbon (IV) Oxide leads to increased global warming. The sun emits ultraviolet radiation and the ozone layer shields us from this radiation. The layer is made up of Ozone (O3), which is very rare compared to other gases in the atmosphere (Faust, 2008, p21). Studies have found that increase global warming reduces the potency of the ozone layer of absorbing UV radiation. Global warming slowly increases the temperature of the Earth’s surface; thereby leading to a cold stratosphere. Reduced temperatures lead to the slower repairing of the layer exposing humans to dangerous UV radiation. This radiation causes cancer in both humans and animals (Faust, 2008, p34). Global warming has adverse effects that are hard to ignore. Furthermore, scientists forecast a bleak future for the human race if global warming is not reduced. Reducing the emission of greenhouse gases reduces global warming (Faust, 2008, p84). The

Nurse Staffing: Job Satisfaction and Retention

Nurse Staffing: Job Satisfaction and Retention Elizabeth Campins Overview of Quantitative Article The study conducted by (Hairr, Salisbury, Jonansson, Redfern-Vance, 2014), entitled Nurse Staffing and the Relationship to Job Satisfaction and retention, will be the object of the article analysis for this assignment. We are going to evaluate the research question of the study, the study design, representativeness, and the result of the data analysis including strengths and weakness of the study. Research Question The problem that has been addressed in the study is if the nurse-patient ratios affect job satisfaction and retention. The research questions for this article are the following: Has the number of patients assigned to the nurse resulted in job satisfaction? Has the actual economic situation influenced nurse decision to stay in the current position? (Hairr, Salisbury, Jonansson, Redfern-Vance, 2014) The above research questions contain variables referred as predictors that can be measure. Those predictors are the staffing size of registered nurses, and number of the patients assigned to nurses. For the second research question the predictor is the actual economic situation which includes the numbers of layoffs and/or hiring, and costs-services reduction. The outcome of this study is nurse retention and job satisfaction. One we have the problem clear, the population of interest identifies, the interventions considered feasible, and the standard and future comparison established we are in the path to find the best evidence (Adams, 2012, p. 73). Study Design Nurse Staffing and the Relationship to Job Satisfaction and retention by (Hairr, Salisbury, Jonansson, Redfern-Vance, 2014) is a quantitative design study. It is valuable for explaining relationship, nursing measurement and quantification that conduct to conclusive results (Peters, 2012, p. 161). The specific design of this study is non-experimental. It describes the relationship between nurse staffing, job satisfaction, and nurse retention in an acute care environment. More specifically this article is a correlational design study because establish relationship among variables or better to say among predictors and outcomes (Peters, 2012, p. 176). The type of predictive correlational designs for this study is model-testing. For this model type it is probable that researchers hypothesize which variables can conduct to better outcomes. Sample Size and Representativeness The type of sample for this study is a non-probability sampling method. It is used when the sampling frame cannot be calculated. As a result, the threat of selection bias is increased and is less representative of the selected population (White, 2012, p.257). Among non-probability sampling, this article is a convenience or consecutive type where the participants are recruited as they become available (White, 2012, p.257). There were seventy subjects selected as they become available. The majority were female with ages between thirty three and forty five years old. In addition, data collection last over thirty days. The strategy for choosing the subjects were stablished before the selection. It requires RN licensed, with six months experience at bedside in an acute care institution. The level of education at the time of the collection, age, gender, was also required. In addition was asked if the subjects were employed in a Magnet hospital. Results of data analysis Procedures Quantitative method takes in consideration data analysis after the data collection is finished. The study used statistical analysis. The tool was IBM Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), version 20. For demographic and subscale variable was used descriptive statistics to determine if the predictive variable, that we mention at the beginning of the paper were related to the outcome nurse retention and job satisfaction. The following survey tools NWI-R (Nursing Work Index Revision) and COP (control over practice) subscales, which was taken from the NWI-R, were used to measure job satisfaction. A weak positive relationship between control over practice and nursing staff indicates that there is a relationship between workload and job satisfaction. One more retention variable was analyzed with frequency and percentage to get results about the actual economic situation affecting the decision to keep the current position. A moderately strong negative correlation shows that a nurse will consider leaving their actual position if the dissatisfaction increases. It Level (p) means a statistical parameter of the analysis. It was set at alpha equal to 0.05. The theme identified was nurse-patient high ratios work-load. It concluded that incrementing responsibilities during the shift put at risk satisfactory patient care, and raise nursing dissatisfaction and turnover. A common strategy mentioned for the participants to retain them in bedside nursing care was improving nursing-ratios. This strategy will decrease the cost of hiring and training new staff nurses, and it will retain experienced nurses. Improving the nurse to patient ratio is highly valuable to increase job satisfaction and retention. Summary of the Strengths and weakness The study major strengths were in data collection. The method of collection corresponds directly with the research question. It contains a variety of age groups and level of experience of the participants. An additional strength of the study is the use of control over practice subscale (COP) as an important survey mechanism to measure job determine the levels of job satisfaction and its impact on the nurse environment (Hairr, Salisbury, Jonansson, Redfern-Vance, 2014). The main weakness in the study was a sample size with only seventy participants as they become available during a thirty days period. For this reason is complicated to determine the generalizability of this research to the larger population (Hairr, Salisbury, Jonansson, Redfern-Vance, 2014). The study demonstrates that exist relationship between predictors and outcomes. This relationship does not show relevant threats in bias, history, maturation, testing or instrumentation. We are confident that the study has a relevant internal validity. On the other hand, it is not possible to conclude that the study can be generalized to other subjects or settings because of the limitations of the sample size (Hairr, Salisbury, Jonansson, Redfern-Vance, 2014). This study is not generalized to larger population, as a result, has a weak external validity. Summary of the Major Points of the Paper From Nurse Staffing and the Relationship to Job Satisfaction and retention by (Hairr, Salisbury, Jonansson, Redfern-Vance, 2014) we considered two important research questions for a quantitative study. It was reviewed the sample size and its representativeness of the population. After analyzing the data and procedures results we summarize the strengths and weakness of this study supporting our conclusion with (Peters, 2012, p. 150). Overview of a Qualitative Article The study conducted by (Lavoie-Tremblay et al., 2014), entitled Transforming care at the Bedside: Managers’ and Health Care Providers’ Perception of their Change Capabilities will be the focus of the article analysis for this assignment. We are going to evaluate the research question of the study, the study design, representativeness, and the result of the data analysis including strengths and weakness of the study. Research Question The problem that has been addressed in this study is the perceptions of managers and others healthcare providers about their change capabilities. The research questions are the following: Are the new strategies, that nurses are implementing, working to create better results in a way that make communication and teamwork easier and more efficient? Does the new project reduce wasteful work? (Lavoie-Tremblay et al., 2014). In the above research questions the research has interest in specific information from the person point of view and their inside about the subject studied (Mauk, 2012, p. 189). Participants that are knowledgeable on the researching theme are called key informants for the purpose of qualitative research. Study Design Transforming care at the Bedside: Managers’ and Health Care Providers’ Perception of their Change Capabilities by (Lavoie-Tremblay et al., 2014), is a qualitative design study. Among of the four types of qualitative research, our study is categorized as grounded theory where the main review of literature is examined when the research has being completed to compare the theory with other reviews, and create theories for other processes (Mauk, 2012, p. 199). There is not set of sample size at the beginning of the data collection. The researcher gets data until they are saturated with the information needed (Mauk, 2012, p. 200). The strategy used in our study is focus groups. The study involved three focus groups: pediatric medicine unit, an adult acute respiratory care unit, and an adult neurologic unit. Also was considered three individual interviews. The study was conducted for nine months (Lavoie-Tremblay et al., 2014). Sample Size and Representativeness As stated before, sample size in grounded theory is known at the end of the collection data. It relied on focus groups where the key informants where selected from managers and healthcare providers included in the transforming care at the bedside (TCAB) teams. It also includes recruited patient’s representation from the hospital’s committees whose members had been patients or had family members who were patient. The sample included sixteen women and three men for a total of nineteen participants. The demographic information (gender, age, education, job title) was collected to allow for an external assessment of the generalizability of the findings to a different setting (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 518). Results of data analysis Procedures Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed using NVivo data analysis. This procedure facilitates a rigorous analysis of unstructured data (Miles, Huberman, Saldaà ±a, 2013). Data analysis was examined in three ways: Condensing the data or coding the transcripts, presenting the data for discussion with the research team, and verifying the data with an audit trail to keep a record of the data collection details throughout the study. Two outside researchers coded the transcripts to reduce the chances of biased interpretation. Some of the themes identified were: Learning skills, sharing leadership capabilities with other staff members, impact of the changes for the institution and personally, the perception of the team approach to lead change, among others. Summary of the Strengths and weakness The strengths of the research article were sustained in the fact that the motivation to work as a team develops change capabilities in participants. The study gave the tools and resources necessary to identify, implement and evaluate changes. The study was successful in developing most of the target elements to change. Participants mentioned how their unit’s mode of functioning went from working alone to teamwork style. Also, they mentioned that the TCAB project helped them develop new skills and capacities for change. This study has credibility (Mauk, 2012, p. 200). It has being confirmed through members check after researchers sharing the results with participants to make sure the finding reflected what they say during the interviews. The study limits the generalizability of the results because was only conducted in three units. Summary of the Main Points of the Paper Transforming care at the Bedside: Managers’ and Health Care Providers’ Perception of their Change Capabilities by (Lavoie-Tremblay et al., 2014) we considered two important research questions for a qualitative study. It was reviewed the sample size and its representativeness of the population. After analyzing the data and procedures results we summarize the strengths and weakness of this study supporting our conclusion with (Mauk, 2012, p. 194). References Adams, S. (2012). Identifying research questions. In N. A. Schmidt, J. M. Brown (Eds.), Evidence-based practice for nurses: Appraisal and application of research (2nd ed., pp. 67-87). Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Hairr, D. C., Salisbury, H., Jonansson, M., Redfern-Vance, N. (2014, May/June). Nurse staffing and the relationship to job satisfaction and retention. Nursing Economic$, 32. Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3[emailprotected]hid=4212 Lavoie-Tremblay, M., O’Connor, P., Lavigne, G. L., Biron, A., Ringer, J., Baillageon, S., Briand, A. (2014, Nov). Transforming care at the bedside: Managers’ and health care providers’ perceptions of their change capacities. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 45(11), 514-520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00220124-20141023-02 Mauk, K. L. (2012). Qualitative design: using words to provide evidence. In N. A. Schmidt, J. M. Brown (Eds.), Evidence-based practice for nurses: Appraisal and application of research (2nd ed., pp. 187-215). Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., Saldaà ±a, J. (2013). Qualitative data analysis: A method sourcebook (3rd ed.). Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=3CNrUbTu6CsCprintsec=frontcoverdq=Qualitative+data+analysis:+A+method+sourceboockhl=ensa=Xei=NZzOVMT_L6fPsQStvIDYDAved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=Qualitative data analysis: A method sourceboockf=false Peters, R. M. (2012). Quantitative design: Using numbers to provide evidence. In N. A. Schmidt, J. M. Brown (Eds.), Evidence-based practice for nurses: Appraisal and application of research (2nd ed., pp. 165-185). Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T. (2012). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippicott Williams Wilkins. White, A. H. (2012). Using samples to provide evidence. In N. A. Schmidt, J. M. Brown (Eds.), Evidence-based practice for nurses: Appraisal and application of research (2nd ed., pp. 247-271). Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning.

Pointless Violence in the Movie (Film), Natural Born Killers Essay

Pointless Violence in the Movie (Film), Natural Born Killers Daily, the public is bombarded with violence, not only on television, but also in other media, such as newspapers and tabloids. Natural Born Killers, a prime example of violence in the media, is a movie about two lovers, Mickey and Mallory Knox, who go on a killing spree across the Southwest. The movie takes a satirical look at how the media romanticizes violent crimes. Natural Born Killers has sparked a lot of controversy, as seen in the opposing views of Richard Corliss and Richard A. Blake. According to Time magazine's Richard Corliss, Natural Born Killers is "the ideal recipe for a Stone-crazy parable of greed and abuse." Corliss describes with great enthusiasm the main characters of the film -- Woody Harrelson and Juliette Lewis -- as "love-thugs. . . two doomed maniacs busy mythologizing themselves"; Tom Sizemore as a "brutish detective" hoping to capture them; Robert Downey, Jr., a tabloid reporter who wants to "exploit their exploits by turning them into media darlings"; and Tommy Lee Jones as a "crazed wa...

Differences Between PR and Advertising

Public relations is planned and conducted in a business-like way. PR deals with many different groups of people known as publics and relates to all the communications of total organization. It’s not a form of advertising, its purpose is to tell not selling product yet it is playing a role of spreading knowledge about a new product or service, informing and educating people,and creating understanding to the prescribed objectives. Sometimes, it is also the beginning to play an important brand-building role. However, advertising is a form of communication that is intended to convince the target market to purchase or take some actions upon products,ideas or services. It’s mainly presents the most persuasive selling message to the public by using attractive layout,colourful illustration,creative scriptwriting skill,and themed video-making or ‘copy platform’ in an advertisement. Thus,it is higher cost than PR. Besides, advertising didn’t build up market knowledge about the new and unknown product or service to the public while PR does. For instance, a company pays for the advertisement space about its latest product or service so that the company can creative control what goes into the advertisement and how long the advertisement runs for. It could be design become more attractive to fascinate buyers to buy it. And it will be bringing the hard-selling message to motivate market buyers with using those buzz word as ‘Act now! Buy this product! ’ to purchase it. Whereas, the PR for the company will create understanding through knowledge, inform its own exclusive products or services to the public clearly and it helps to build up market knowledge as well. Then,those buyers would be more understanding about the company brand than just knowing their products by its packaging or advertisement. Yet, the company has no control on how the media presents,must it writing in a no-nonsense news format and the press would only be released once.

Discussion On The Issue Of Goodwill Accounting Essay

AbstractionThe most controversial good will issue is whether the internally generated good will should be confirmed, which is a hot subject in fiscal accounting. In this essay, the writer will present the good will, which including internally generated good will and amalgamate good will. Then, will elaborate the sentiment that internally generated good will should be confirmed, accompanied with statements of the reason and necessity. Furthermore, it will exemplify by a UK list company. Furthermore, it will discourse how to corroborate internally generated good will. Finally, writer will do a decision. Cardinal words: good will, internally generated good will, amalgamate good will, verification,IntroductionPresently, there is no a by and large accepted construct of good will. While three representative positions are favorable attitudes concept, extra net incomes construct and maestro rating history construct ( Andrea, 2009 ) . More specifically, in favorable attitudes concept, goodwill arises because of good concern contacts, good staff dealingss and good feeling of client ( ibid ) . Furthermore, in the position of extra net incomes construct, good will is the discounted value that expected future benefits which non including good will exceeds the normal returns of entire investing ( ibid ) . Furthermore, as for the position of maestro rating history construct, good will is the difference between overall value of assets and value of single touchable assets and identifiable intangible assets. It believes that good will is non a sort of interest-bearing assets, but a particular prici ng history and shows the entire value of all the assets of the entity exceeds the amount of single value ( ibid ) . Based on above positions, good will could be identified that it is a present discounted value hard currency flow of future extra returns come from synergisms of combination of assorted elements of administration. Therefore, harmonizing to this definition, it might be stated that internally generated good will is the value generated under the bing synergisms by combinations of elements of concern ; while consolidated good will is the value produced expected synergisms of both parts of acquisition expect the combination of elements ( Michael, 2010 ) . The elements of each company might organize a new synergism because of combination after the amalgamation and acquisition activity. So that a company could obtain a new internally generated good will when it mergers others ( Andrea, 2010 ) . It perchance can be said that internally generated good will is the footing of amal gamate good will ; consolidated good will is converted signifier of internally generated good will. However, there are differences between two signifiers of good will. Specifically, amalgamate good will is a trading monetary value reached by two parties voluntarily through a clear and specific trade. It is formed in consequence of a certain degree of competition in a amalgamations and acquisitions market. Yet, internally generated good will is one-sided ( Michael, 2010 ) .Internally generated good will issueHarmonizing to the model for the readying and presentation of fiscal statements IAS 38 and IFRS 3 ( 2012 ) , internally generated good will can non be shown onto the statement of fiscal place, but consolidated good will must be confirmed in the statement of fiscal place. However, as cognition based economic system coming, the value formed by cognition and intelligence increased greatly. Goodwill occupies proportion of entire assets turning in an endeavor. Especially in some high engineering companies, good will has bit by bit become the chief organic structure of entire plus. Confronting intensified and complex competition, more and more endeavors are trusting on internally generated good will to rule the market ( Martin, 2008 ) . Therefore, it likely can be claimed that it is necessary to corroborate internally generated good will.The negative effects of unrecognising internally generated good willThere are some negatives if the internally generated good will is non confirmed. Specifically, in the undermentioned facets chiefly: foremost, misdemeanor of the rule of nonsubjective which can do a serious deformation of accounting information ( Martin, 2008 ) . More item, good will in the proportion of corporate assets is turning, and some have been dominant, which comparing to fixed assets in the proportion of corporate assets become smaller. In this instance, if it still insisted on rule of prudent accounting that internally generated good will is non confirm ed, it will divert from book value of and the existent value, which will take to a deformation of accounting information and violates the accounting rules of objectiveness and the importance ( ibid ) . Second, it does non run into rule of consistence. It could be said that good will is ever internally generated, irrespective spontaneous good will or consolidated good will ( ibid ) . As purchased good will is the internally generated good will of acquired company which merely have non been confirmed before amalgamation, but merely until the acquisition is confirmed ( ibid ) . Internally generated good will originally owned by the acquired endeavor is confirmed as internally generated good will of a new group when the amalgamation occurs. Yet, the new group would merely corroborate this portion without the verification of internally generated good will of the original acquisition of companies ( ibid ) . It likely can be stated that it is inconsistent with the accounting rule of consis tence. Furthermore, it violates the rule of accrual. More specific, the amalgamate good will is public presentation signifier of internally generated good will in market. It is ever existed, but it will non be confirmed until being acquired, which is inconsistent with the rules of accrual ( ibid ) . Furthermore, internally generated good will is the consequence of long term bring forthing and pull offing procedure, it should be confirmed in the fiscal statements, which consistent with the rules of accrual. Or it applies hard currency footing rules ( ibid ) . Finally, it is contrary to the relevancy and dependability of accounting information. Specifically, it might non reflect the extra profitableness of the company seasonably and accurately if confirm the good will merely when amalgamations and acquisitions occur. As it can non supply information about good will seasonably, neither satisfies the demands of fiducial responsibility to operators, nor satisfies the demands of intereste d parties to utilize accounting information for economic decision-making ( ibid ) . Therefore, it could be said that it is contrary to the relevancy and dependability of accounting information if internally generated good will is non confirmed.Rationality and necessity of verification of internally generated good willFirst, sing about the aim of fiscal coverage, internally generated good will is an of import manifestation of future extra net incomes of a company, and it has a great impact of creative activity of future hard currency flows. So supplying the information generated good will to information users, which is contributing assess the chances of future hard currency flows of information and benefit to supply the utile information to stakeholders to do rational determinations ( Nina, 2010 ) , which is the content of aims of fiscal accounting. Therefore, it might be stated that aims of fiscal accounting necessitating verification of internally generated good will. As for accounting rules, foremost, with the age of cognition economic system, the good will accounts assets for an increasing proportion, which can be seen from amalgamations and acquisitions activities. For case, Chelsea football nine plc, which is the UK listed company, had been sold to Roman Abramovich for 137 million lbs in 2003. While the book value of Chelsea football nine plc is 56 million lbs ( Chelsea, 2003 ) , that means 81 million lbs were used for purchase the good will. Therefore, it perchance can be said that harmonizing to the rule of importance, internally generated good will should be confirmed. Furthermore, verification of internally generated good will meets the rule of comparison. It is deficiency of comparison between one with amalgamate good will and one with internally generated good will if does non corroborate it ( Nina, 2010 ) . Furthermore, it matches the rule of fiting, as internally generated good will is a consequence of drawn-out precipitation informati on and past experience is accumulated ( ibid ) , it can be said that it has value and effectivity. While, the outgo of this procedure are identified as costs. Therefore, internally generated good will which can convey the extra returns merely if put onto the fiscal statements, so that reflect the rule of fiting grosss and disbursals ( ibid ) .Way to corroborate the internally generated good willThe nature of good will is that conveying the extra economic involvements to the company. Therefore, it might bespeak that good will merely exists among companies that obtained extra net incomes. In the interim, it need to forestall it becomes a manner to pull strings net incomes ( Michael, 2010 ) . Therefore, a sensible manner to corroborate good will should be that the company should use goodwill assess application to professional good will plus rating bureaus when a company obtain higher net incomes continuously than the industry norm over several accounting periods. There is internally ge nerated good will in a company when it shows there is positive difference between assessed overall values and assessed just value single touchable plus ( ibid ) .DecisionUnder IAS 38 ( 2012 ) , internally generated good will can non be shown onto the statement of fiscal place ; while under and IFRS 3 ( 2012 ) consolidated good will must be confirmed in the statement of fiscal place. It is non correspond with demands of aims of accounting and accounting rules in modern-day epoch, and it is rational and necessary to corroborate the internally generated good will. Therefore internally generated good will should be confirmed on the statement of fiscal place.

Central Conflict of the Scarlet Letter Arises from the Presentation of Different Ways of Seeing the Individual in Relation to Society Essays

Central Conflict of the Scarlet Letter Arises from the Presentation of Different Ways of Seeing the Individual in Relation to Society Essays Central Conflict of the Scarlet Letter Arises from the Presentation of Different Ways of Seeing the Individual in Relation to Society Essay Central Conflict of the Scarlet Letter Arises from the Presentation of Different Ways of Seeing the Individual in Relation to Society Essay Pearl? -Ruby, rather! or Coral! -or Red Rose'(101). Even though Mr.Wilson disapproves of Pearls attire, he still acknowledges her beauty by comparing her to beautiful things in nature. At the same, time, he shows his disapproval because he, like most Puritans, distrusts nature. Later on, Mr. Wilson asks Pearl if she knows who made her. She replies by saying that she had not been made at all but had been plucked by her mother off the bush of wild roses that [grows] by the prison-door(103). Pearls answer tells the reader that she understands both her physical beauty and her internal wildness because she compares herself to a wild rose.The answers creativity and unexpectedness also reveal Pearls unusual, whimsical character. At this point in the novel, the reader can already discern Pearls fundamental character traits. As Pearl grows older, her isolation from the Puritans leads her to spend more time with nature, and she continu es to remind Hester of her sin. When Hester goes to the seashore to talk to Chillingworth, she tells Pearl to go to the margin of the water and play with the shells and tangled sea- weed(154). In response, Pearl [flies] away like a bird(154) to the margin of the sea.Pearl is eager to play with nature. She has grown used to having nature as a playmate and finds playing with it enjoyable. Pearl builds boats out of birch-bark seize[s] a live horseshoe [crab] by the tail catches several five-fingers lays out a jelly-fish to melt in the warm sun(162), throws foam, and pelts sea-birds with pebbles. When Pearl thinks that she actually hit a bird, however, she feels remorse for having done harm to a little being that was as wild as herself(163).Another way that Hawthorne highlights the individual in relation to society is through the irony that while Hester lives shamed, and discriminated against, Dimmesdale, whose sin is equal, is â€Å"apotheosized with worshippers† and held in the highest regard. While Hester confesses to her sins on the scaffold, Hawthorne uses situational irony in this first scene to show that while Hester is confessing to her sins and is shunned by her entire community, the reader applauds her for having courage to stick to the path of confession and thus redemption but, yet, did not incriminate Dimmesdale in spite of being heavily pressured.Dimmesdale on other hand is revered by the congregation and they perceive him as flawless, while he is equally in the wrong. In fact, hes adding on to his sin because he actually has the moral obligation to be truthful and honest, and thus shows Dimmesdale in a shameful light, uncourageous and dishonorable. In contrast, Hawthorne is able to present Hester to us as a striking and outstanding figure who gains the respect of the audience, even though she is clearly represented as an individual outside of society.As a result, we can actually see that Hawthornes presentation of 17th century Boston, Massach usetts is dependent on the different perspectives people hold of the Hester, the individual in question. Hawthornes narrator gives the audience different perspectives by having his characters react to individuals (Hester and Pearl) in different manners- letting the audience decide who is worthy of praise as an individual and who isnt.

AP Chemistry Scores - Learn What You Need for College

AP Chemistry Scores - Learn What You Need for College Fewer students take AP Chemistry than AP Biology, Physics, or Calculus. Nevertheless, the course is an excellent choice for students interested in pursuing a STEM field in college, or for students who want to demonstrate to college admissions officers that they pushed themselves to take challenging courses in high school. Most colleges and universities have a science and lab requirement, so a high score on the AP Chemistry exam will sometimes fulfill these requirements. About the AP Chemistry Course and Exam AP Chemistry is designed to cover the material that a student would typically encounter in an introductory chemistry course taken in the first year of college. The course will sometimes fulfill a science requirement, laboratory requirement, or place a student into the second semester of a chemistry sequence. AP Chemistry is organized around six central ideas that allow students to understand and predict chemical interactions: Atoms. Students learn that the chemical elements are the building blocks of all matter, and that matter is defined by the arrangement of those atoms.Properties of Materials. This section examines the ways that the physical and chemical properties of materials are defined by the arrangements of atoms, ions, or molecules, and the forces between them.Changes in Matter. Students study the way that the rearrangement of atoms and transfer of electrons causes changes in matter.Reaction Rates. In this section, students study how the rate at which chemicals react is governed by the nature of the molecular collisions.Laws of Thermodynamics. Through a study of the laws of thermodynamics, students learn about the conservation of energy and how that relates to changes in matter.Equilibrium. Students learn that chemical reactions are reversible and can proceed in either direction. Chemical equilibrium results when opposing chemical processes occur at the same rate. Central to the course is the students ability to model phenomena, use mathematics to solve problems, pose and evaluate scientific questions, collect and analyze data, and make claims and predictions about chemical phenomena based on scientific models and theories. AP Chemistry Score Information The AP Chemistry exam was taken by 161,852 students in 2018. Only 90,398 of those students (55.9 percent) earned a score of 3 or higher indicating that they have a level of mastery sufficient for possibly earning college credit.   The mean score for the AP Chemistry exam was 2.80, and the scores were distributed as follows: AP Chemistry Score Percentiles (2018 Data) Score Number of Students Percentage of Students 5 21,624 13.4 4 28,489 17.6 3 40,285 24.9 2 38,078 23.5 1 33,376 20.6 If your score is on the low end of the scale, realize that you dont need to report it to colleges. Unlike the SAT and ACT, AP exam scores are typically self-reported and not required. Course Credit and Placement for AP Chemistry The table below presents some representative data from a variety of colleges and universities. This information is meant to provide a general picture of the way that selective colleges view the AP Chemistry exam. Youll see that all the schools do offer credit for a strong score on the chemistry exam,  even if just general credits with no placement- AP Chemistry is one of the more widely-accepted exams. Note that all of the private institutions require at least a 4 on the exam to earn credit while all the public institutions except for Georgia Tech will accept a 3. Keep in mind that AP placement data changes frequently, so be sure to check with a colleges Registrar to get the most up-to-date information. AP Chemistry Scores and Placement College Score Needed Placement Credit Georgia Tech 5 CHEM 1310 (4 semester hours) Grinnell College 4 or 5 4 semester credits; CHM 129 Hamilton College 4 or 5 1 credit after completing CHEM 125 and/or 190 LSU 3, 4 or 5 CHEM 1201, 1202 (6 credits) for a 3; CHEM 1421, 1422 (6 credits) for a 4 or 5 MIT - no credit or placement for AP Chemistry Mississippi State University 3, 4 or 5 CH 1213 (3 credits) for a 3; CH 1213 and CH 1223 (6 credits) for a 4 or 5 Notre Dame 4 or 5 Chemistry 10101 (3 credits) for a 4; Chemistry 10171 (4 credits) for a 5 Reed College 4 or 5 1 credit; no placement Stanford University 5 CHEM 33; 4 quarter units Truman State University 3, 4 or 5 CHEM 100 Chemistry (4 credits) for a 3; CHEM 120 Chemical Principles I (5 credits) for a 4 or 5 UCLA (School of Letters and Science) 3, 4 or 5 8 credits and Introductory CHEM for a 3; 8 credits and General CHEM for a 4 or 5 Yale University 5 1 credit; CHEM 112a, 113b, 114a, 115b A Final Word on AP Chemistry Course credit and placement arent the only reasons to take AP Chemistry. When applying to colleges, a strong academic record will be the most important part of your application. Colleges want to see that you have succeeded in the most challenging courses available to you, and AP, IB, and Honors all play an important role on this front. Doing well in Advanced Placement classes (and AP exams) is a far better predictor of future college success than standardized tests such as the SAT or ACT. To learn more specific information about the AP Chemistry exam, be sure to visit the  official College Board website.

Studying and Preparing for Final Exams

Studying and Preparing for Final Exams Final exams are stressful for many studentsand its no wonder. Finals are designed to allow students to demonstrate how much information they have retained from an entire semester. When it comes to preparing for finals, every subject is a little bit different, so you should specialize your study skills for each particular exam. A General Strategy for Preparing for Finals Studies show that certain methods are important when it comes to memorization. If youre studying for a topic that involves a lot of new terms and concepts, you must prepare for a test with a reusable practice test. Fill in the practice sheet and repeat until you get all the answers right.Believe it or not, students have reported that lots of points are lost because they get careless on bubble sheets! Review these common and very costly bubble sheet errors that can wreck your test performance. If you misalign by a single space, you can get every answer wrong!Review common instruction words that teachers use. Know the difference between contrast, analyze, and compare, for example. You may think these the same thing when it comes to writing your answer essay, but there are very specific expectations for each word.If finals week means lots of back-to-back exams for you, you should prepare yourself mentally and physically for the many consecutive hours you can spend writing. Dont make your essay answer too short because your hand is getting tired!Fill in the blank e xams require special preparation. You start by reading over your class notes to underline new terms, important dates, noteworthy phrases, and the names of key people. If part of your final involves constructing a long essay outside of the classroom, you should become very familiar with all the behavior that constitutes plagiarism. You might be surprised to find out how easy it is to plagiarize. And plagiarism normally results in an immediate fail! Preparing for Finals in English and Literature Classes Literature professors are most likely to test you with long and short essay questions. First rule when preparing for a literature exam: read the material again! Be prepared to compare two or more stories that youve read. Also, know the traits of every character. Before going into any essay test session, you should review basic punctuation rules. Preparing for Exams in Foreign Language Classes If youre mainly concerned about memorizing a list of new words when learning a foreign language, you can use this color-coding method to memorize vocabulary words. If youre preparing for a final exam in Spanish, you can review a list of common mistakes students make when composing Spanish essays. You may also need to insert Spanish symbols as you create your final essay. Practice early and practice a lot to ace a Spanish test! Thats the advice from readers. Sometimes its necessary to cram for a foreign language final. If you need to learn a lot of French in a little bit of time, try some practice techniques offered by our Guide to French Language. Preparing for Science Finals Many science teachers like to use multiple choice questions to test students. To prepare for this type of test, you should look closely at the concepts behind themes to make sure you are prepared for all of the above and none of the above answers. Look at any lists of components or traits. When taking a chemistry final, be sure to mind dump every memorized equation at the start. Join a study group and seek study advice from other students. Use common sense when you prepare for test day. Eat right and get enough sleep! Preparing for a Psychology Final If your psychology teacher offers a test review, it is important to take smart and sensible notes. You can use your review notes to create a practice exam. When preparing for a psychology test, its particularly important to review psychological theories youve covered in class and apply them to real-life examples when you can. Preparing for Math Finals For many students, math finals are the most intimidating of all! Some of the best advice for preparing for math exams comes from our readers. Work slowly and review each problem at least ten timesthats the kind of wisdom readers share. Review these problem-solving strategies to know how and when to use certain procedures. Its critical to memorize the basic rules that are necessary for working on many problems: divisibility rulesorder of operationsnegative and positive rulesgeometry formulas Final Exams in History History exams will involve memorizing dates as well as memorizing new history terms for your exam. Be sure to brush up on techniques for preparing for a short answer test. Many teachers in the social sciences prefer to use essay exam questions. To prepare for an essay exam, you should read over your notes and textbook chapters to search for hidden themes, Your history final may involve writing a long history paper. Make sure your essay fits the assignment and is formatted correctly. Our Guide to Ancient History provides excellent advice for last minute study tips for history class. Finding a Study Partner It is very helpful for many students to study with a good partner. Find a serious student and find a good study space to exchange practice questions and compare notes. A great study partner will understand some methods or problems that you dont. You will be able to explain some problems with your partner in return. Its a trade-off.

To Be or Not To Be Free Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

To Be or Not To Be Free - Essay Example However, one must question themselves and rephrase this interrogation once again: What kind of a world would we be living in if we did not keep a check on or misuse the Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression? Therefore, with reference to this, there have been certain changes made in the European Union Charter with regard to Property laws as well. According to Article 17 of the EU, â€Å"No one may use the rights guaranteed by the Convention to seek the abolition or limitation of rights guaranteed in the Convention. This addresses instances where states seek to restrict a human right in the name of another human right, or where individuals rely on a human right to undermine other human rights (for example, where an individual issues a death threat).† Taking a look at the use of property that comes under it, it has been also stated in the EU that: 1. Everyone has the right to own, use, dispose of and bequeath his or her lawfully acquired possessions. No one may be deprived of his or her possessions, except in the public interest and in the cases and under the conditions provided for by law, subject to fair compensation being paid in good time for their loss. The use of property may be regulated by law insofar as is necessary for the general interest. 2. Intellectual property shall be protected. Therefore, according to this, it is clear that even though a person might have Rights regarding Speech and expression, he or she is not permitted by law to use those rights to undermine the rights of another person.

American and British Civil Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

American and British Civil Religion - Essay Example In order to understand American and British civil religion and its link to Christianity, one must focus on the history and what brought about the changes in these regions historically and their impact on the Christian world in these two most influential regions. In my research efforts, I would like to discuss Gerald Parsons book â€Å"Perspectives on Civil Religion and Sydney Ahlstrom's book on the religious history of these two countries. There are different levels of the definition civil religion and the two most influential authorities on civil religion's definition from Robert Bellah the American sociologist and later Pierard and Linder have in turn served to actually link the concept of civil religion with Christianity (Parsons,2002, p.6). According to Bellah, American civil religion has two aspects :priestly and conservative, liberal and prohetic (Parsons, 2002, p.3). He goes on to explain the Americans on the one hand see themselves as divinely appointed by God to lead the world in a particular direction. â€Å"..For some among the new Christian Right within recent and contemporary American politics, the concept of an American civil religion has been deployed as part of a campaign to create and sustain a distinctively 'Christian America' (Parsons, 2002, p.4).† According to the author, the move in this direction advertises America's ideologies in a Christian context- the ideologies of peace and justice and mingle them in the context of Christian religion. Richard Pierard and Robert Linder have actually defined certain characteristics of civil religion where a nation and its vision are somehow intertwined with each other (Parsons, 2002). His book actually serves to show us how a nation's civil religion is predom inantly linked to some form of religion-in this case Christianity. One must understand through their analyzing of this concept that this concept still is ambiguous to the present day. But in order to under their links, it is only fair to look at the history of these two major powers in the world and their religion in order to understand more clearly their dealings with the world. Both these countries are dominantly Protestant and Anglo-Saxon and their forms of "modernity" go back to the eighteenth century (Parsons, 2002, p.7). In doing so, in my discussion of civil religion, it is important to look at the rituals of remembrance of these two countries. Americans celebrating the 4th of July independence and Memorial day (remembrance of those who have died in civil war), and the British having celebration of Remembrance Sunday (the anniversary of the armistice that ended the First World War in 1918) are most notably viable examples of civil religion in these two countries (Parosn, 2002). In America, the most influential leader Abraham Lincoln who led the civil war in the 18th century, delivered certain key speeches that contributed to the concept of civil religion in America that were intrinsically tied to the Old testament Scriptures :for example at the Gettysburg Address in 1863, "Lincoln used Christian symbolism and language and he saw America as the promised land to which God had led their predecessors (Parsons,2002, p.15)."1 In the meantime in Britain, there is a growing trend in the twentieth century to mark the graves of those who had died in the war (Parsons, 2002). "From 1915 onwards, street shrines were designed to list the names of those who were currently serving with the armed forces and of those who had been killed ...For the clergy they were part of the process of evangelism and the attempt to reassert the relevance of the message of Christianity in the midst of war...it also endorsed the understanding of the war as a holy crusade (Parsons, 2002, p.29)."2 Also , it is notable to include that the British were fueled in their ceremony of marking the graves of those deceased in war-commonly known as the commonwealth war graves were met with huge public support (Parsons, 2002). The British people although

Subprime Meltdown Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Subprime Meltdown - Essay Example The article begins by discussing the case of New Century and revealing that it represented one of the biggest accounting failures at that time. At one end was the view that the accounting procedures used by the company were faulty and there were major red flags that the company did not watch out for. However, at the other end was the view that the failure of New Century was an inevitable outcome of the overall failure of the U. S Housing Industry and that the company was bound to come down in the midst of a failing market. However, the report does point out certain red flags that were not taken into account by the company and accounted for its failure. The major issue, as highlighted, was that the company did not undertake rigorous research effort into exploring the background of potential borrowers; that it had no benchmark for assessing the quality of its lending. One of the most obvious flaws was to rule out the income level of the borrower before lending him/her the loan; thus, l oans were lent despite insufficient collateral. Secondly, the company had been involved in unethical practices of advertising low rates that far deviated from the actual as a result of which the borrowers were awestruck when they had to pay the actual market rates. At the same time, the numbers were misleading. Although the dollar value of loans was said to have increased; the number of defaults increased by more than that creating a vicious cycle of debt for the lending companies. They were lending more and more for less and less backup; hence, in effect they were lending more than their ability to do so. What was more surprising was that the documentation to support these loans was often missing which simply meant that there was great room for fraud or misrepresentation. And that is exactly what happened. Individuals took loans even though they were not eligible for it which paved way for the crisis that followed. At this point one may raise the question that what was the company doing all this time? Was it being a silent watchdog, ignoring the entire activity or was it unaware of the situation? Does the responsibility of these malpractices lie with the management or not? The answer is unfortunately the former- the company’s top management did not encourage stringent check and balance; the internal controls were not in place making it very easy for individuals to commit fraud or misrepresent their backgrounds while acquiring the loans. No cross-checks were made. This is clearly evident in the findings of the article whereby it was revealed by the Court that fraudulent and unjustified alterations were made in the calculations of repurchases reserves and that, most importantly, these changes were made without any verification from higher authorities, documentation and approval. Another major inefficiency is highlighted by the case- that of fraudulent audit practices or the failure of audit department to ensure transparency by being bribed or influenced by the company they are auditing. This has been a common practice, especially where regulations are lax. However, even where regulations are stringent such practices exist and are difficult to trace before the revelation of the fraud. Hence, the

International Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

International Marketing Strategy - Essay Example However, the strategy will shift to small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) with the potential to eat into Nestle’s market share. The company will aggressively pursue the acquisition of SMEs within the next 7 years (The National, 2013). The company will also implement a hybrid structure combining holacracy and hierarchy that facilitate good interpersonal relations, communication, and faster promotions for the best performing employees (Revill, 2013). The entry strategy is based on excellent positioning and competitive pricing. Nestle intends to position itself as an internationally respected brand that guarantees quality products at affordable prices (Koltrowitz, 2013). Dairy products will be priced much lower than confectionaries because they have the largest markets. Baby food and nutritional products will be priced 3% lower than whatever rivals are offering (Y-Sing, 2014). Currently, the company forecasts a 6% growth in sales revenue for the first year of operation. However, the intention is to achieve a 13% steady growth in the next 5 years, followed by 15% within the next 10 years. In the first year of operation, Nestle will have a 13.5% market share. The objective is to increase market share to 27% in the next 3 years and then 50% within 4 years (Nestle, 2014). This will be supported by aggressive marketing and competitive pricing. The company would like to go public in Kuwait to raise enough money to fund its expansionist strategy (World Bakers, 2013). However, this proposal is still hampered by increasing risk levels in the Kuwaiti market. The company intends to manage this risk for the next 6 years before it goes public. Algethami, S. (2014, February 24) Nestle Middle East aims to triple sales by 2020, viewed December 2, 2014, from . InsiderMedia. (2014, November 19) Record year for overseas confectionery sales, viewed December 2, 2014, from

The Formation and Evolution of Sony Ericsson Alliance Assignment - 2

The Formation and Evolution of Sony Ericsson Alliance - Assignment Example The merger was also approved by the European and other regulatory authorities. The new company, headquartered at London, UK, envisaged total employee strength at the time of merger at 4000 of which Ericsson brought 2500 and balance contributed from Sony. The mission statement of the new company is to become the communication entertainment brand enabling everyone in creating and participating in entertainment experiences. The new company’s product line includes Mobile phones and handheld multimedia communication products. As per the data provided by International Data Corp (IDC), Nokia controlled 30.8 percent market, Motorola at 14.6 percent and Ericsson at 10 percent of market share in mobile market at the time of the merger. Thus, Ericsson’s market share is way below market leader Nokia. In forging the alliance, Ericsson had the benefit of access to Sony’s Japanese market, and Sony’s consumer experience particularly in digital screens, and Memory stick. Sony had the benefit of access to Ericsson base stations and 3G infrastructures. Moreover, Sony had access to Ericsson handset core technology and entry to US market. Informing a joint venture, Sony had the benefit of sharing Ericsson’s international telecommunication experience and chance to fill missing link in form of satellite, gateway, and phones. On the other hand, Ericsson had access to Sony’s design and production processes and facilities in China. Sony’s financial strength was in benefit to Ericsson in the long run. Research and development costs could be shared between the partners in the current competitive arena. Ericsson was categorical in its financial report of 2001 that Ericsson will have a chance of augmenting supply chain strength from Sony’s proven and established supplier resource base.

Marketing plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Marketing plan - Assignment Example Further, it is essential for the organization to consider all the 7Ps of Service Mix and hence, contribute in all these areas to gain sustainable development. Besides, the sustainability in the business process would be gained through appropriate financial control and control measurement. These would lead the organization to accomplish its vision of performing with enhanced market share and profitability. Baglow is an organization that has certain unique business idea. This is with regard to the introduction of a business plan of bag cleaning service. The market that Baglow is targeting is Qatar. For delivering an effective service to the customers, the organization has planned to undertake the strategy of introducing advanced technology. Moreover, the organization has recruited some of the highly skilled cleaning professionals. These make the service of the organization highly effective and hence, it is able to meet the satisfaction level of the customers significantly. The service of the organization is categorized into different segments of target customers. These include the cleaning of the travel bags, school bags, gents bags, ladies bags, and miscellaneous other bags. The service of the organization is further segregated into leather, cloth and others. This segmentation is done, as the materials and the method used for the cleaning purpose are different for leather, cloth and o thers. Moreover, in order to make the service of the organization highly convenient to the customers, the organization has adapted the strategy of serving at the door of the customers. In this regard, the organization takes the bags from the home of the customers. The organization further cleans the bags at the working zone of the organization. After cleaning and pressing the bags, the organization delivers the bag at the convenient locations of the customers. In the cleaning process, it is

The Formation and Evolution of Sony Ericsson Alliance Assignment - 2

The Formation and Evolution of Sony Ericsson Alliance - Assignment Example The merger was also approved by the European and other regulatory authorities. The new company, headquartered at London, UK, envisaged total employee strength at the time of merger at 4000 of which Ericsson brought 2500 and balance contributed from Sony. The mission statement of the new company is to become the communication entertainment brand enabling everyone in creating and participating in entertainment experiences. The new company’s product line includes Mobile phones and handheld multimedia communication products. As per the data provided by International Data Corp (IDC), Nokia controlled 30.8 percent market, Motorola at 14.6 percent and Ericsson at 10 percent of market share in mobile market at the time of the merger. Thus, Ericsson’s market share is way below market leader Nokia. In forging the alliance, Ericsson had the benefit of access to Sony’s Japanese market, and Sony’s consumer experience particularly in digital screens, and Memory stick. Sony had the benefit of access to Ericsson base stations and 3G infrastructures. Moreover, Sony had access to Ericsson handset core technology and entry to US market. Informing a joint venture, Sony had the benefit of sharing Ericsson’s international telecommunication experience and chance to fill missing link in form of satellite, gateway, and phones. On the other hand, Ericsson had access to Sony’s design and production processes and facilities in China. Sony’s financial strength was in benefit to Ericsson in the long run. Research and development costs could be shared between the partners in the current competitive arena. Ericsson was categorical in its financial report of 2001 that Ericsson will have a chance of augmenting supply chain strength from Sony’s proven and established supplier resource base.

Edgar Allan Poe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Edgar Allan Poe - Essay Example Wordsworth attempts to prevent the poetic figure from losing its natural passion, from repeating itself as an empty, mechanical device of style... Poe writes a poem packed with cliches in order to show that those cliches cannot succeed in remaining empty, that there is also a natural passion involved in repetition, that the mechanical is of a piece with the profoundest pain. (Bloom, 24) Poe was born on the 19th of January 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts, to David Poe Jr. and Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe- both established actors. He had an older brother named William Henry Leonard Poe and a younger sister, Rosalie Poe. In 1810, Poe’s father abandoned them, and within a year, their mother died of consumption also known as tuberculosis, a highly contagious bacterial infection. Poe was too young to be influenced by the death of his mother at the time it occurred, but later reflections in adulthood led him to grieve for how much better his home life would have been, if he never had t o live with a foster family. His mother’s death by the dreaded disease of the time, tuberculosis, would be a common source of death in others who would matter much later in his life. Edgar and his brother and sister were split up and sent to live with different families; Edgar went to live with a man by the name of John Allan who was a Scottish tobacco merchant living in Richmond, Virginia; who was always abusive toward him. . â€Å"Although Poe seemed happy, deep inside he was confused. Because he was never formally adopted, he felt uncertain about his position in the Allan family and his doubt often made him cross and dejected.† (Poe & Bagert, 5)They fought constantly, and Edgar finally enlisted in the Army just to get away from him. John Allan was often under the influence of alcohol during the fights but out of respect for the Allan Family, Edgar took the middle name of Allan. Edgar began to write poetry regularly when he was in his early teens. He fell in love wit h a girl named Elmira, and they eventually pledged themselves to each other. In 1826, he was sent to the University of Virginia to study law. His rich foster Father John Allan with whom Edgar always had a chaotic relationship gave him a mere $100 to cover his yearly expenses that totaled to an estimated $450. Under such circumstances, the young man got highly indebted and began gambling in an attempt to make up for his losses. On top of this, Elmira’s letters to him had been intercepted by their parents and having received no encouraging replies from Edgar; she was persuaded to get engaged to another man. After this tragic event, Edgar began drinking seriously. He had little resistance to alcohol and easily became violent and irrational whenever he drank too much. By the end of the year, Mr. Allan pulled Edgar from the University and after loud and spiteful fights with his foster father; Edgar left home and made his way to Boston. In 1827, he published his first pamphlet of T amerlane and Other Poems, which is so rare nowadays that a single copy was sold in 2009 for $660,000. â€Å"This is known as the Black tulip of U.S. Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wahlgren). However, at that time Poe enlisted in the army as Edgar A. Perry at the age of eighteen, stating on the application that he was twenty-two in order to earn a living. In 1829, after his beloved foster mother died, he applied to West Point military academy with the support of his commanding officer and foster father. By 1832, Edgar began to write fiction with the idea of entering story contests. He

What Happened In The Tlatelolco Massacre History Essay

What Happened In The Tlatelolco Massacre History Essay The Plaza of the Three Cultures, known as the Plaza de las Tres Culturas in Spanish, symbolizes Mexicos unique cultural heritage. La Plaza de las Tres Culturas was once the center of one of the most powerful Native American empires, the Aztecs, located in the ancient city of Tlatelolco. The square contains the remains of the Aztec temples and is flanked by the Colonial Cathedral of Santiago, and the Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores (Department of Foreign of Affairs) building. Las Tres Culturas is in recognition of the three periods of Mexican history reflected by those buildings: pre-Columbian, Spanish colonial, and the independent mestizo nation. The plaza not only represents three cultures but is an important reminder of the Mexican spirit of determination. It is the site where the Aztecs made their final stand against the Spanish army in 1521 and the massacre of 1968. It has been called Mexicos Tiananmen Square, Mexicos Kent State. During the presidency of Gustavo Dà ­az Ordaz (1964-1970), there were several antecedents to the 1968 student confrontations with the Mexican government, but nothing comparable to the Tlatelolco Massacre that occurred on the night of October 2, 1968, in Mexico Citys Plaza de las Tres Culturas. Background The year1968 was a year of political turmoil around the world. The International Olympic Committeeheaded by Avery Brundage from the U.S.had chosen Mexico as the first Third World country ever to host the Olympic Games. This was aimed both to draw oppressed countries into imperialist-dominated world sport and to showcase Mexico as a model of U.S.-sponsored growth and relative stability. Mexico was supposed to provide a contrast to the national liberation struggles which were shaking most of Latin America, Asia, and Africa and sparking rebellions in the imperialist citadels from Detroit to Paris as well. To date, no other Latin America country has subsequently hosted the Olympic Games. The Mexican government invested a massive $150 million in preparations for the Olympics, an ostentatious amount considering the poverty that existed in Mexico. The Mexican president during the Olympics, Gustavo Dà ­az Ordaz ineptly strained tenuous conditions in Mexico in an attempt to preserve the peac e. During the Dà ­az Ordaz presidency, Mexicans endured the suppression of independent labor unions, peasant farmers, and the economy. From this general dissatisfaction with President Dà ­az Ordaz, the student movement was born. Initially their demands were limited to greater employment and respect for university autonomy; however, the struggles of the factory workers and rural peasants soon resonated with them. This movement of rebellious students was touched off on July 24 when a fight between gangs at two high schools connected with the longtime rivals, the Mexican National Autonomous University (UNAM) and National Politechnical Institute (IPN, or Poli), was viciously put down by antiriot police called granaderos. When outraged vocational students protested, granaderos attacked again, killing many. In response, students seized buses and put up barricades to defend their schools. Student strikes and takeovers hit high schools all over the capital. The high school students were supported by UNAM and IPN students. Students from 70 universities and preparatory schools in Mexico formed a grassroots National Strike Council (CNH) and put forward six strike demands: disband the granaderos; fire police chiefs; investigate and punish higher officials responsible for the repression; pay compensation for students killed and injured; repeal laws making social dissolutionbreaking down of societya crime (under these laws many independent unionists and communists had been jailed); and free political prisoners, including students arrested in the recent disturbances as well as those seized earlier for social dissolution. Within three days the government had to call in the army to take back several Mexico City prepas (preparatoriashigh schools connected to universities). There were clashes which led to many hundreds of arrests and injuries. Thirty-two students had been killed since the first confrontation, but this only fired up the youths resistance. The student strike spread to the UNAM, IPN, and universities throughout the country, supported by a majority of professors. By late August and September the students were calling marches of 300,000 to 600,000 people; important contingents of workers and peasants participated regularly. Over the coming months, the student movement gained support from students outside the capital and other segments of society that continued to build until that October, despite several instances of violence. CNH Tactics Student brigades strained their creativity and skills to foil police and get the word out. Engineering students designed balloons which would burst when they got to a certain height and rain leaflets on the heads of pedestrians. Acting students put on realistic street theater in which a student and a conservative woman in pearls and heels carried out loud debates in crowded markets. Hundreds of observers would be drawn in, the majority on the side of the youth, and the advanced would be quietly contacted by undercover students in the crowd. Some students found that they and the barrio or slum dwellers spoke what seemed to be two different languages. They had to throw out bookish talk and learn from the vivid calà ³ slang of the streets. After a full day of brigade work, they would spend the night in classrooms they had taken over, discussing the conditions and outrages the masses had exposed them to and figuring out how to use this new knowledge in their leaflets and agitation. The red and white buses of the IPN, always with some daring students and a loudspeaker perched on the roof, became famous for a kind of roving speak-in. Workers, market vendors, and even mariachi singers would climb up on the bus roof one after another to voice their support or disagreement with the students demands or tactics and to air their grievances. In some neighborhoods, just the appearance of an IPN bus was enough to immediately attract crowds of hundreds of people who would gather around. Students captured the spirit of the people in a way that the national government was never able to do. In fact, the national government was despised by its people. Mexican Government The turmoil of the 1960s in part reflected a widespread dissatisfaction among Mexicans with the rule of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The PRI was aptly described in 1968 as entrenched, stagnant, and primarily self-serving in the eyes of many Mexicans. The PRI controlled the nation with an iron fist for over 70 consecutive years. The party has been known to use violence, manipulation and corruption to win elections and hide information from the public, such as the details concerning the Tlatelolco massacre. President Gustavo Diaz Ordaz was known for an authoritarian manner of rule over his cabinet and country, despite Mexico being a democratic country. Luis Escheverria, Interior Secretary to Ordaz, was also known for a no nonsense attitude against student protesters. The Mexican governments planned response to the student rally on the evening of October 2 was called Operation Galeano. The most definitive account of this operation, culminating with the Tlatelolco Massacre, is found in a Mexican special prosecutors report released in November 2006. According to this report, early on October 2 elements of the militarys Estado Mayor Presidencial (the Presidential High Command) were placed in apartments on the upper floors of the Chihuahua apartment building and other apartment buildings surrounding Tlatelolcos Plaza de las Tres Culturas. Once the rally started, the Army, using from 5,000 to 10,000 soldiers (the accounts varying) and more than 300 tanks and other vehicles, would surround the plaza to prevent those attending the rally from fleeing, while armed military men in civilian clothes, members of a unit called the Batallà ³n Olimpia that had been organized to help protect the Olympic Games, would prevent anyone from entering or leaving the Chi huahua apartment building, in which the organizers of the rally were to be arrested. The planned response of the government ended in bloodshed by the order of Luis Escheverria. Tlatelolco Massacre: The Event On October 1, the CNH held two rallies at UNAM. Speakers urged the thousands of students present to attend an October 2 rally at the Plaza de las Tres Culturas, in the Tlatelolco area of Mexico City, to be followed by a march to Casco de Santo Tomà ¡s to demand the withdrawal of authorities from the IPN campus. On October 2, 1968, approximately 10,000 people, most of them students carrying red carnations, arrived in the vast colonial plaza of Tlatelolco for a demonstration. At 6:04 p.m. green and red flares dropped from helicopters, soldiers burst into the square, tanks blocked the exits and an elite plainclothes battalion stormed the speakers platform on the third-floor balcony of an apartment building, where the National Strike Committee, the leadership body of the student movement, was stationed and opened fire. The gunfire lasted for sixty-two minutes, then started again and continued for hours. Late in the evening, when the shooting finally ceased, scores of demonstrators lay d ead and woundedchildren and the elderly among them. The official government explanation of the incident was that armed provocateurs among the demonstrators, stationed in buildings overlooking the crowd, had begun the firefight. Suddenly finding themselves sniper targets, the security forces had simply returned the shooting in self-defense. By the next morning, newspapers reported that 20 to 28 people had been killed, hundreds wounded, and hundreds more arrested. Most of the Mexican media reported that the students provoked the armys murderous response with sniper fire from the apartment buildings surrounding the plaza. El Dà ­as morning headline on October 3, 1968 read as followed: Criminal Provocation at the Tlatelolco Meeting Causes Terrible Bloodshed. The government-controlled media dutifully reported the Mexican governments side of the events that night, painting the students as trouble makers who needed to be brought to order by any and all means necessary. Olympic Games 1968 Controversy The death of hundreds did not even phase the International Olympic Committee. They did not consider to cancelling the games, due to their belief that the massacre was an isolated event involving a social minority. On October 16, 1968, an action by two African-American sprinters at the Mexico City Olympics shook the sporting world. Tommie Smith and John Carlos, the gold and bronze medalists in the mens 200-meter race, took their places on the podium for the medal ceremony barefooted and wearing civil rights badges, lowered their heads and each defiantly raised a black-gloved fist as the Star Spangled Banner was played to show their support for the student protesters and the Olympic Project for Human Rights. Some people (particularly IOC president Avery Brundage) felt that a political statement had no place in the international forum of the Olympic Games. In an immediate response to their actions, Smith and Carlos were suspended from the U.S. team by Brundage and banned from the Olympi c Village. Those who opposed the protest said the actions disgraced all Americans. Supporters, on the other hand, praised the men for their bravery. Tlatelolco Massacre: Response and Investigation Some argue that an understanding of the domestic political context within Mexico explains why the government reacted in such a harsh manner. Mexico stayed relatively isolated from other foreign powers which provided them more freedom in their ability to deal with their domestic problems. The strongest censure from abroad that Mexico received for the massacre was a mild finger wagging from the representatives of a few foreign governments. The worlds failure to confront and condemn the actions of the Mexican government fueled the killing rampage throughout Mexico in the years to follow. In 1998, President Ernesto Zedillo, on the 30th anniversary of the Tlatelolco massacre, authorized a congressional investigation into the events of October 2. However, the PRI government continued its recalcitrance (defiance of authority) and did not release official government documents pertaining to the incident. Eventually in 2001, President Vicente Fox, the historic president that ended the 70-year reign of the PRI, attempted to resolve the greatest of these unanswered questions: who had orchestrated the massacre? President Fox ordered the release of previously classified documents concerning the 1968 massacre. The documents revealed that the students did not open fire first and showed that the snipers were members of the Presidential Guard, who were instructed to fire on the military forces in order to provoke them. President Fox also appointed Ignacio Carrillo Prieto in 2002 to prosecute those responsible for ordering the massacre. In June 2006, an ailing, 84-year-old Luis Eche verrà ­a was charged with genocide in connection with the massacre. He was placed under house arrest pending trial. In early July of that year, he was cleared of genocide charges, as the judge found that Echeverrà ­a could not be put on trial because the statute of limitations had expired. However, in March 2009, after a convoluted appeal process, the genocide charges against Echeverria were completely dismissed. Despite the ruling, prosecutor Carrillo Prieto said he would continue his investigation and seek charges against Echeverria before the United Nations International Court of Justice and the Inter-American Human Rights Commission. In October 2003, the role of the U.S. government in the massacre was publicized when the National Security Archive at George Washington University published a series of records from theCIA, the Pentagon, the State Department, the FBI and the White House which were released in response to Freedom of Information Act requests. The LITEMPO documents detail: That in response to Mexican government concerns over the security of the Olympic Games the Pentagon sent military radios, weapons, ammunition and riot control training material to Mexico before and during the crisis. That the CIA station in Mexico City produced almost daily reports concerning developments within the university community and the Mexican government from July to October. Six days before the massacre at Tlatelolco, both Echeverrà ­a and head of Federal Security (DFS) Fernando Guiterrez Barrios told the CIA that the situation will be under complete control very shortly. That the Dà ­az Ordaz government arranged to have student leader Sà ³crates Campos Lemus accuse dissident PRI politicians such as Carlos Madrazo of funding and orchestrating the student movement. Still, some today believe the United States government was only concerned with security and safety during the Olympic Games 68 and was not involved in the Tlatelolco massacre in any form. Determining who is at fault however, will not change the events that occurred on October 2, 1968. The blood and tears shed that day are still fresh in the minds of those who witnessed the horrific event. Remembering Tlatelolco In 1993, a stele was erected to remember those who lost their lives. The former headquarters of the Secretariat of Foreign Affairs is now a memorial museum called Memorial 68 to remember the Mexican student demonstrations and the Tlatelolco massacre victims and survivors. Each year the anniversary of the Tlatelolco massacre is marked with a march to the same plaza and a protest for the release of government records. On October 2, 2008, the 40th anniversary, two marches were held in Mexico City to commemorate the event. One traveled from Escuela Normal Superior de Maestros (Teachers College) to the Zocalo. The other went from the Instituto Politecnico Nacional to the massacre site of the Plaza de las Tres Culturas. According to the Comità © del 68 (68 Committee), one of the organizers of the event, 40,000 marchers were in attendance. Unfortunately, still too many are unfamiliar with the events that occurred since the massacre fails to appear in most history textbooks. When asked how this could be, high school Headmaster Samuel Gonzalez Montano, replied, You cant teach anything that didnt officially happen. As of now, the newest generation of Mexicans only have a general knowledge of the events surrounding the 68 Olympic Games, which are unavoidably intertwined. Gregory P. Groggel, a graduate of the University of Puget Sound, recounts: During a visit to the plaza, I encountered a group of boys playing soccer. When I inquired from one of them if he knew what happened in October of 1968 here in the plaza, he shrugged and looked around. I told him some 300 people died. He seemed lost and turned slowly to read the memorial he was sitting in front of and had lived near his whole life. The end of it reads: Who? Whom? No one. The next day, no one. The plaza awoke swept; The newspapers said for news the state of the weather. And on the television, on the radio, in the theaters, there was not a single change in the program, not a single announcement. Nor a moment of silence at the banquet (or following the banquet). The deaths of so many youths and protesters must not be forgotten. They deserve more than a simple moment of silence. Remember Tlatelolco. Fore, those who can not remember the past are condemned to repeat it.(George Santayana)

Wuthering Heights Summary Essay -- essays research papers

Set in the wild, rugged country of Yorkshire in northern England during the late eighteenth century, Emily Bronte's masterpiece novel, Wuthering Heights, clearly illustrates the conflict between the 'principles of storm and calm';. The reoccurring theme of this story is captured by the intense, almost inhuman love between Catherine and Heathcliff and the numerous barriers preventing their union. The fascinating tale of Wuthering Heights is told mainly through the eyes of Nelly Dean, the former servant to the two great estates, to Mr. Lockwood, the current tenant of the Grange. The tale of Wuthering Heights begins with the respectable Earnshaw family. After a his trip to Liverpool, old Mr. Earnshaw returns home to Wuthering Heights with 'a dirty, ragged, black-haired child'; named Heathcliff. As he grows older, Heathcliff, to the dismay of Hindley Earnshaw, usurps the affections of not only Hindley's father, but also that of his younger sister Catherine. Thereafter, in part due to his jealous behavior, Hindley is sent away to school. Years later due to old Mr. Earnshaw's death, a married Hindley returns, now the master of Wuthering Heights. Intent on revenge, Hindley treats Heathcliff as a servant and frequently attempts to break Heathcliff and Catherine's unique bond. Before Hindley can do more harm though, Fate seems to step in. Due to a leg injury, Catherine is forced to stay at Thrushcross Grange, the neighboring estate of Wuthering Heights, where she consequently meets...

False Portrayal of Mental Illness in the Media Essay -- The Roommate, F

False Portrayal of Mental Illness in the Media Protagonist The movie â€Å"The Roommate,† revolves around a young girl named Sarah (Minka Kelly) who is starting her freshman year of college. Little does she know that she has a roommate that is diagnosed with numerous mental disorders that she is not treating by taking her medication. When they are initially acquainted as roommates, Sara comes across as being innocent and depicts very normal behavior. However, as soon as Rebecca and Sarah become closer to each other, Rebecca forms an obsession with Sara and strange events begin to occur. Each of Sarah’s close friends or allies becomes hurt, and even killed. As soon as Sara discovers the symptoms of her mental illness, she becomes extremely wary in her presence, and grows more distant of her. Additionally, she sees her as a threat and as the cause of all the wrongdoing that is occurring around her. Diagnosis portrayed In the movie, the antagonist, Rebecca is diagnosed with bipolar disorder. However, the movie does not initially introduce her as someone with this mental illness. Rather, at the start of the movie, Rebecca acts naà ¯ve, innocent, and completely normal. As a result, no one gets the slightest impression that she is abnormal in any way. Ultimately, the truth is revealed to the leading character, Sara, when Rebecca’s mother asks if she has been taking her medication. Moreover, things become significantly clearer when Sara and her love interest, Stephen, find a full bottle of Zyprexa pills in her room, implying that she has not been taking her medication. Thereupon, they find out that it is used to treat bipolar disorder. Dysfunction portrayed As the duration of the movie progresses, Rebecca’s true colors come out when ... ...e but that she is also sad and very lonely. Nevertheless, the scene at the end of the movie, showing Rebecca’s death, was inevitable that left me feeling empty, and empathetic towards Rebecca. However, from a clinical view, I am a bit insulted in how the media depicted her disorder as being inhumane and monstrous. On the same note, it disappointed me to see that many viewers would get a misguided impression of the people who suffer from bipolar disorder. References Crowe, M. (2011). Feeling out of control: A qualitative analysis of the impact of bipolar disorder. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 19, 294-302. Karriem, Vernada. (2011). Understanding Bipolar Disorder. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/bipolar-disorder/ss/slideshow-bipolar-disorder-overview False Portrayal of Mental Illness in the Media Essay -- The Roommate, F False Portrayal of Mental Illness in the Media Protagonist The movie â€Å"The Roommate,† revolves around a young girl named Sarah (Minka Kelly) who is starting her freshman year of college. Little does she know that she has a roommate that is diagnosed with numerous mental disorders that she is not treating by taking her medication. When they are initially acquainted as roommates, Sara comes across as being innocent and depicts very normal behavior. However, as soon as Rebecca and Sarah become closer to each other, Rebecca forms an obsession with Sara and strange events begin to occur. Each of Sarah’s close friends or allies becomes hurt, and even killed. As soon as Sara discovers the symptoms of her mental illness, she becomes extremely wary in her presence, and grows more distant of her. Additionally, she sees her as a threat and as the cause of all the wrongdoing that is occurring around her. Diagnosis portrayed In the movie, the antagonist, Rebecca is diagnosed with bipolar disorder. However, the movie does not initially introduce her as someone with this mental illness. Rather, at the start of the movie, Rebecca acts naà ¯ve, innocent, and completely normal. As a result, no one gets the slightest impression that she is abnormal in any way. Ultimately, the truth is revealed to the leading character, Sara, when Rebecca’s mother asks if she has been taking her medication. Moreover, things become significantly clearer when Sara and her love interest, Stephen, find a full bottle of Zyprexa pills in her room, implying that she has not been taking her medication. Thereupon, they find out that it is used to treat bipolar disorder. Dysfunction portrayed As the duration of the movie progresses, Rebecca’s true colors come out when ... ...e but that she is also sad and very lonely. Nevertheless, the scene at the end of the movie, showing Rebecca’s death, was inevitable that left me feeling empty, and empathetic towards Rebecca. However, from a clinical view, I am a bit insulted in how the media depicted her disorder as being inhumane and monstrous. On the same note, it disappointed me to see that many viewers would get a misguided impression of the people who suffer from bipolar disorder. References Crowe, M. (2011). Feeling out of control: A qualitative analysis of the impact of bipolar disorder. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 19, 294-302. Karriem, Vernada. (2011). Understanding Bipolar Disorder. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/bipolar-disorder/ss/slideshow-bipolar-disorder-overview

Corruption in Lord of the Flies

Corruption William Gilding's book, The Lord of the Flies, shows us how seclusion from society can lead to changes in behavior and create savages out of us. For example, in the book, British school boys get trapped on a deserted island and have to fight tort their survival. The boys become corrupt due to the lack of leadership and lack of a rule system. Conflict arises over who will be proclaimed chief, the boy's priorities get mixed up, and the thirst to kill comes alive inside of them.In the beginning of the book, when Ralph gets elected leader, it becomes obvious that there Is going to be conflict between Ralph and Jack throughout the story. After Ralph gets crowned chief. Jack shows humiliation and anger towards everyone because he feels as though he should have been named leader due to the fact that he is the choir leader. He tells Ralph, â€Å"I ought to be chief because I'm chapter chorister and head boy†(22). At one point in the story, a meeting Is called on the island because Jack is starting his own group.He tells the kids, â€Å"my hunters will protect you from the beast, who will Join me†(1 50)? Jack wants to create a separate tribe and have fun, where as Ralph wants to devote his time and energy to being rescued. The lack of adult leadership allows the boys on the island to make their own decisions and their priorities are get messed up, Ralph is very focused on getting rescued and Jack Just wants to have fun. Ralph carefully instructs Jack to keep the signal fire going so that a rescue ship might see It. When a ship finally passes by,Ralph looks up to see that the signal fire is completely out and there Isn't any smoke for the boat to see, He tells Jack, â€Å"They mightn't seen us. We mightn't gone home†(70). Ralph is furious with Jack because he left the fire to go and hunt for wild pegs. Jack doesn't see any problem with letting the fire go out. In Rally's mind, one of the top priorities is getting shelter. He gets furious w hen Jack's choir boys go swimming instead of helping build cover for them. â€Å"We want shelters. The rest of your hunters came back hours ago.They've been Jack doesn't understand the concept to priorities and it shows when he allows his boys to do whatever they please. During the story, the boys begin thirsting for blood after they find hunting wild boars on the island to be exhilarating. At first, the boys just attack a pig, then they progress to kill a boar, and they Just want to kill and kill. They take it so far, that they decapitate a pig's head and skewer It with a sharpened suck. The boys proclaim that it Is â€Å"for the beast. It's a Eventually, one of the boys falls victim to the ailing spree after he is mistaken as a wild pig.The hunters start chanting, â€Å"Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Spill her blood†(69). They mercilessly murder Simon. The lack of structure that the Island kids have leads them to become crazy, unethical murderers. The Lord of the Flies sho ws us that to keep us from becoming wild, crazed savages. We need to have structure, whether from adult supervision or a set of laws. The fight for survival can lead us to do things that we never thought we would see, such as ‘Off anger, thirst tort power, and translation.

The Secret Under the Veil

The legendary author Nathaniel Hawthorne’s intriguing story, â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil†, may be initially read as simply a town’s aversion to a pastor’s strange decision to wear a black veil, but a deeper examination will reveal more profound values—particularly one that echo those of the writer himself. Hawthorne was known to espouse beliefs on man’s propensity toward evil, as well as the ensuing dangers brought on by isolation (OnPedia. com, par. 1), which are evident in many of his works.The same thinking was used as the underlying theme in this story, which is a narrative of the choices made by Parson Hooper, the local minister who refused to remove the veil from his person—thus causing him to be avoided by townsfolk and associated with the idea of evil and secrecy, or both. Strangely, but perhaps intentionally, the word ‘veil’ may be turned around to spell ‘evil’, which in Hawthorne’s typical period of seventeenth-century New England (Merriman, par. 2) could be logically equated with sin.The question then to be asked is within Hooper’s vow to wear the veil—was it to conceal a great sin? The answer may be revealed by a careful analysis of the story, identifying specific statements and moments that provide proof. II. Facades and Appearances: Symbolism of the Black Veil The story begins with the townsfolk’s dismay at the veiled countenance of their new minister, Mr. Hooper, and is evident in a statement uttered by one of them: â€Å"’I don’t like it,’ muttered an old woman†¦ ’He has changed himself into something awful, only by hiding his face. ’† (Hawthorne, par.8). This reaction was most probably triggered by the common representation of the black veil—gloom, death, sadness—as it is usually seen during funerals. It does not directly refer to an admission of sin, but rather to mourn f or something; but the people took its use to be for disguising one’s real feelings, and therefore, must be a manifestation of guilt. Such is implied in their collective thought as Mr. Hooper proceeded with the church service, â€Å"did he seek to hide (his face) from the dread Being whom he was addressing? † (Hawthorne, par. 10). Without actual knowledge of Mr.Hooper’s intentions, the townspeople had already passed judgment and concluded that the minister must be concealing a secret, something so evil that he would not even face God without it. This assumption was further made correct in their minds as Mr. Hooper’s sermon centered on the subject of secret sin, and how no matter it is relegated into the darkest corners, God is able to see it (Hawthorne, par. 12). Small-town societies, such as in the story, can be preoccupied with maintaining appearances and impressions; the main goal is to present a favorable image of themselves as members of a system.Anyt hing that goes against the accepted norms may be treated with curiosity at best, and ridicule at most. Clearly, the town’s unspoken rules did not include having a pastor wearing a black veil, due to the perceived meanings of the object. The outcome is thus the connection and interpretation found within their own social narrative—in this case, secrecy, evil, and sin. III. Change and Acceptance: Not For the Religious People during this era had a great attachment to their faith, exemplified by their staunch obedience to all requisites of religion.Because of this, they had little or no tolerance for anything that ran against the accepted notions of religious tradition (Smith, par. 2)—most especially the idea of a minister wearing a black veil. Gloom and darkness were instantly associated with Mr. Hooper, and produced images of supernatural events (Hawthorne, par. 18). Once more, the wealth of assumptions created by the townsfolk spoke greatly about their own values, and none truly giving value to Mr. Hooper’s reasons. No one dared ask him—except his fiancee—regarding his use of the black veil; the people were content to talk among themselves and further elaborate on their perceptions.The appropriation of funerals is notable in the story, which then gives the reader a chance to associate the concept with Mr. Hooper’s veil, but this was certainly not the mindset of the people; they had already formed their own ideas regarding Mr. Hooper, his probable secret, and the darkness it evoked that consumed the whole town. IV. Truth and Consequence: Revealing the Veil’s Purpose Curiously, the story includes as note that refers to another account of the wearing of the black veil: one that involved yet another clergyman who wore the veil to his death due to his accidental murder of a friend (Hawthorne, par.2). This information, as provided by the author, lends itself to much argument and debate. On the one hand, the reade r could assume that this was a ‘veiled’ revelation of Mr. Hooper’s real yet untold reason for donning the black veil; on the other, it could be simply a comparison of two similar manifestations albeit with different objectives. Another clue that positions itself toward the belief that Mr. Hooper may indeed have committed a grave sin is his exchange with his fiancee Elizabeth, during which he asked. â€Å"’.. if I cover (my face) for sin, what mortal might not do the same?’† (Hawthorne, par. 37). And no matter how much Elizabeth tried to convince Mr. Hooper to tell her his reasons for not removing the veil, the minister remained firm in is resolve. In the ends, he chose to live in isolation, far from the woman he loved, for the motivation for hiding behind the veil was greater. But this isolation and focus on the consequences of sin drew ‘sinners’ closer to Mr. Hooper; it was perhaps his dark appearance and reputation that made th em confess their sins easily, with the quest to ask for forgiveness, as is done in the presence of a priest.In the end, while on his deathbed, Mr. Hooper dealt the blow that would eventually explain, however cryptic, his possible reasons for wearing the veil: â€Å"’Tremble also at each other†¦ I look around me,†¦ on every visage a black veil! ’† (Hawthorne, par. 60). While some will conclude that the minister finally admitted to his secret sin, another interpretation runs toward his use of the veil only to make the people realize their hypocrisy and bad judgment. By his referring to â€Å"the mystery by which (the veil) obscurely typifies has made (it) so awful? † (Hawthorne, par. 60), Mr.Hooper denounced the isolation he had been subjected to by the evil in the minds of men, including his own religious brothers. Just by the sole use of the black veil, a lifetime of assumptions and judgment had been passed on to him—obviously a sin creat ed by malicious thinking. V. Conclusion If the reader were to assume that Mr. Hooper had committed a sin that he avowed to remain secret because of the bit of information about another priest’s use of a black veil, as well as the perceptions of society, then he or she would not be any different from the townsfolk. The presentation of various facts—Mr.Hooper’s wearing of the veil and his refusal to remove it; the earlier incident of another veil being used; and the affinity of the ‘sinners’ with the minister—were probably made to evoke the kind of reaction in a person, coming from the degree of evil in his or her mind. Nowhere in the story had any concrete proof of Mr. Hooper’s supposed sin been shown, and coming to this kind of conclusion is born out of the reader’s own experience. The mention of the other priest who had worn a similar veil was only there to provide one reason; it was not exactly meant to assume that Mr. Hooperà ¢â‚¬â„¢s was the same.Also, the author specifically stated why the first priest had done so—because of a murder he had committed—which meant that it was revealed to the public at some point. In Mr. Hooper’s case, no revelations of any kind were given, as he simply refused to remove it till his death. Mr. Hooper’s character is a test of the townsfolk’s—and the reader’s—core. Seeing how the townsfolk reacted, which is most likely along the same lines as that of many readers of this story, Hawthorne’s theory of evil residing in the minds of men is validated.Works Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil†. The Literature Network, 2009 http://www. online-literature. com/hawthorne/146/ â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil†. OnPedia. com, 2009. http://www. onpedia. com/encyclopedia/The-Minister%27s-Black-Veil Merriman, C. D. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne †. Jalic, Inc. , 2007. http:/ /www. online-literature. com/hawthorne/ Smith, Nicole. â€Å"Analysis of ‘The Minister’s Black Veil’ by Nathaniel Hawthorne†. Article Myriad, 2007. http://www. articlemyriad. com/146. htm