Why Should People Choose a Healthy Lifestyle Essay -- Healthy Lifestyl

You are driving in your car when suddenly your stomach rumbles. You are hungry. Do you decide to pick up some(a) fast intellectual nourishment or go home and spend the time to make yourself a meal? Let us assume we do not have the time to create our own meal. When you get to the restaurant of your choice, do you park in the closest parking spot to the door or do you simply use the drive-through? What do you choose to eat? Is it something processed and frozen or do you choose something made fresh? After eating your food you decide to go to the mall. You pass advertisements of smiling thin happy models. You need to get to the second floor. Do you take the elevator, the escalator, or the stairs? These are choices we reckon every day that can impact our lives today, tomorrow, and even further into our future. Children follow our examples. If we are faced with these choices daily so are they. How can we make our modus vivendi more healthy not only for ourselves, but also future generati ons? A more healthy lifestyle is established through balanced priorities, beefed-up mental health, and good role models.Priorities throughout life whether financial, educational, or physical help to create a longer and more balanced lifestyle. With so many false pictures portrayed around the world through the Internet and social media of how a body should look, it is not surprising that many individuals pay more economic aid to the weight on the scale, than they do to muscle mass and other factors that may more significantly impact their overall health. Photoshopped billboards and fashion models lead to an impossible expectations kafkaesque of how a normal human body should appear. As Natasha Turner said, Its not your actual weight on the scale that matters most for overall healt... ... bookman Research Center. Web. 9 Nov. 2015. Kane, Anthony. A Parents Job As A Role Model. Healthy Place 2011 n.pag. Web. 14 Nov. 2015. Nutrition & Weight ascertain for Longevity. (2012) 1-46. S tudent Research Center. Web. 29 Nov. 2015. Poverty Kills Health Depends on Wealth. Huntsville Forester 26 Sept. 2013 n.pag. Student Research Center. Web. 1 Nov. 2015. Richardson, Vanessa. A Fit Body heart and soul A Fit Mind. Edutopi. The George Lucas Educational Foundation. n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2015. Small, Gary. Can Exercise Cure Depression. Brain Bootcamp Sept. 2010 n.pag. Psychology Today, 2013. Web. 5 Nov. 2015. Tecco, Armand. Why is Exercise Important. Health Discovery, HealthDiscovery.net, 2013. Web. 13 Nov. 2015. Turner, Natasha. are You Skinny Fat? Chatelaine 86.10 (Oct. 2013) n. pag. Student Research Center. Web. 2 Nov. 2015.

Hamlet Essay -- Shakespeare

Critics often judge Gertrude as a weak, selfish and innocent woman, caught up in conflicts she does not richly understand. To what extent do you agree with this?The two female characters in Shakespeares tragedy seem to be drowned in the mist of the deceitful power-game played by the male characters, which contribute to the on-going tragic conventions of murder, revenge and betrayal so prevalent in this form of drama. The title of Hamlets metatheatrical play-within-a-play, the mouse-trap is as applicable to the temporary hookup of Shakespeares Hamlet set in the especially patriarchal society of Elsinore, which is dominated by the authoritative actions of the male characters, Hamlet may be seen as a tragedy where the female characters have small and seemingly unimportant roles in the tragic plot compared to the climactic masculine moments the visitations of the Ghost, the dramatic agon between Hamlet and Claudius and the nett conquest between Hamlet and his counterpart Laertes. Ge rtrude is a character whose fate is tragically overshadowed by the power of these men, indicative of the submissive role of women in the Jacobean period. Despite the fact that directors often present Gertrude as a sensual and deceitful woman who is vain and self-satisfied with strong sexual appetites, if one looks to Shakespeares text, this character has a very small and arguably innocent voice in the play indeed Rebecca Smith argues that Gertrudes words and action hit not the lusty, lustful, lascivious Gertrude that one generally sees in stage and film productions but a compliant, loving, unimaginative woman whose only concern is pleasing others. In order to assess Shakespeares characterisation of the Queen, it is necessary to exami... ...arded as selfish, weak and innocent, caught up in a conflict that she more than understands. Works CitedBamber, L.(1990) Class skin Shakespeare and Sexism. The Womens Review of Books 75.Bradley, A.C. (1966) Shakespearean Tragedy. New York St. M artins Press.Burnett, Mark, ed. (1994) New Essays on Hamlet. New York AMS Press.Granville-Barker, Henry. (1970) Prefaces to Shakespeare. New York Hill and Wang.Heilbrun, Carolyn. (1957) Hamlets Mother. California University of California Press.Kolin, Philip C. (1991). Shakespeare and feminist Criticism an Annotated Bibliography and Commentary. New York Garland.Loske, Olaf. (1960) Outrageous Fortune. Oslo Oslo University Press.Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Smith, Rebecca. A Heart Cleft in Twain the Dilemma of Shakespeares Gertrude.

The Relationship Between Science and Reality Essay -- Science Scientif

The Relationship Between Science and RealityThe relationship between erudition and worldly concern has more to do with coexistence rather than one idea existence superior to the other. I shall first define what each means and then get together examplesters of how I arrive a t this coexistence theory. According to Random House Websters Unabridged Dictionary, 1 ed., science is defined as follows 1. a branch of companionship or study dealing with a body of facts or truths systematically arranged and showing the operation of general laws the mathematical sciences. 2. systematic knowledge of the strong-arm or material world gained through observation and experimentation. 3. systematized knowledge in general. The same dictionary defines reality as 1. the state or quality of being real. 2. Philos. a. something that exists independently of ideas concerning it. b. something that exists independently of all other things and from which all other things derive.I have a 5-year-old nephew who is alive because he received a heart channelize a few weeks after his birth. His parents very public request for organ donors received a lot of attention at the time, including a local radiocommunication talk show that discussed the organ donor program in general and whether this particular baby should be given a new heart. The replies were astonishing to me in both their intensity and their divisiveness. That some people could publicly say, let the baby dieits Gods way, left me with my jaw hanging open. or so callers talked about how it was unnatural for science to be used in such a manner while others praised the fact that we now had the technology to allow a child, who might otherwise die, live. Today, that medical miracle of science wil... ...dual, not social preferenceswhich is why in almost every country in the world, the automobile has triumphed(p308). He concludes that cars shoot California more enjoyable. Our group all agreed. As I stated earlier, The Relationship bet ween Science and Reality, is about co-existence. We need both science and reality to not only coexist, but also to continue to improve our lives. Works CitedRandom House Websters Unabridged Dictionary, Second Edition. 1999 ed. Bishop, Michael J, Enemies of Promise. Lunsford, Andrea and John Ruszkiewicz, The Presence of Others Voices and Images That echo for Response 3rd ed. New York St. Martins 2000. 237-242. Wilson, James Q, Cars and Their Enemies. Lunsford, Andrea and John Ruszkiewicz, The Presence of Others Voices and Images That Call for Response 3rd ed. New York St. Martins 2000. 303-313.

A Trip to the Dentists Office Essay -- Personal Narratives Descriptiv

A Trip to the Dentists OfficeThe phone rings, and I answer, Thank you for travel toing Enterprise, how may I help you? The voice on the other end asks for Andrea, and I reply, This is she. The voice says she is calling to remind me of my 1100 AM dental appointment. I sigh and give tongue to her I will be there on time. I enter the brick building and walk over to the elevator I push the up liberation and patiently wait. The elevator door promptly opens, and I get in. I push the button with a number two on it, and the doors close up I go. Once on the second floor, I exit the elevator. Even before I go into Dr.Taylors office, I can immediately stink the mixture of wintergreen-flavored toothpaste and bleach out in the hall. As soon as I open the outer door, a blast of cool air from the air conditioner hits me in the face and makes me shiver all over. I walk in and add my name to the list on the sign-in sheet. Mindy, the gray-hared women behind the frosted glass slither window, tic k offs me and lets me know that the doctor will be ready soon. While I wait for the dental assistant in her crisp white uniform to call out my name, I look at the fish in the large blue tank in the corner of the room. The sleek fish dart roughly playing hide and seek with the plastic mermaid at the bottom of the tank, while tiny silver bubbles slip to the top of the tanks surface and break silently. I therefore turn and see a photo album sitting on a coffee table I pick it up only to see pictures of decaying teeth and...

Kansas City Board of Trade :: essays papers

Kansas City Board of TradeThe Kansas City Board of Trade is where buyers and sellers have the opportunity to trade commodities, this is commonly known as a Commodity Exchange. The Kansas City Board of Trade deals primarily with wheat but also deals with such commodities as natural gas.Many traders participate in what is known as hedging. Hedging is a process where traders can lock in a barter for or a sell price for the commodities in advance. The process is helps reduce the risks resulting from volatile pricing,The prices of the contracts are determined by supply and demand. The exchange provides a place where sellers try to hone profits and buyers try to optimize utility(which lead probably be profits for a finished good instead of the raw material). As a result of this the exchange does not fasten prices but instead gives a place for price negotiations.As a result of supply and demand if there is more buyers than sellers the price of a commodity goes up. The opposite is also true if there are more sellers than buyers the price of the commodity goes down.The Kansas City Board of Trade affects everybody in an economic part of their life. Wheat, as the primary commodity, is used on almost every dinner table for almost every night, If the price of wheat goes up then the price to purchase the finished product also goes up. This will affect the purchasers ability to rationalize and choose substitutes and replacements for the products. If the price of the commodity goes down, the result is the finished good is also cheaper to purchase. Families will then attempt to incorporate more bread and such into their diets possibly affecting demand for other products.The Kansas City Board of Trade is beneficial to the miserliness because it gives a starting point for price in the economy,My visit to the Kansas City Board of Trade proved very interesting. Although I personally saw no order of any kind to the chaos below, people ensured me there was a code.

Cloning and Genetical Enginering - If it Aint Broke, Why Fix it? :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Cloning and Genetical Enginering - If it Aint Broke, Why Fix it? Taking a Pro or Con remain firm on cloning is difficult, because we know very little about genes, and there are different genetic sciences involved. We must, as Socrates so sagaciously points out, define the subject. merely then can we debate it. There is obviously the full-bore version of cloning, being the complete duplication of an existing life-form, be it plant, animal, or world. (I separate animal and human purely for logistics.) We copy Sheep As genes, strand by strand, and produce an exact duplicate. Meet Sheep B, C and D. Then, there is gene therapy, which is not cloning proper, but genetics nevertheless, and therefore, worth(predicate) mentioning. Gene therapy is the process of splicing out malevolent genes, like cerebral palsy, schizophrenia, and physical deformations. There is also the dangerous gene mutation Rearranging D.N.A. in the hopes of discovering how genes work, and hopefully, produc ing impudent wonders of plant, animal, and human life. Essentially playing cards with God, vainly hoping Hell fold. All these possibilities are difficult to discuss, for they are fledgling sciences. We know very little of genes or D.N.A., which was just discovered in1951 by Francis Crick, James Watson, and Maurice Wilkins using X-ray diffraction. Realizing my relative lack of knowledge concerning this subject, and realizing there are probably numerous, and very wise, arguments refuting mine, I shall, nevertheless, make my corroborate The pseudo-science of gene mutation is, at best, a risky experiment. To casually rearrange a thousand genes, as if building a new house of Legos, is passing dangerous. We have only cataloged a few genes. We do not know if the order is important. And just as the child attempts a castle with his Legos, and ends up with a blue house with two chimneys, we end up with an abomination. Let us stick to Tinker-toys, shall we? Besides, mutations, by definition, are mistakes in the architectural blue-prints of life. Although evolution is made attainable by mutations, these mutations are slight and minor ones. One gene is dropped, tweaked, or duplicated. But the thousand remaining genes are untouched, in the same intangible, enigmatic, but important, order. This, unite with natural selection, relieves the gene pool of any dangerous or extraordinary change, and only allows the subtle, positive changes to take hold.

Cloning and Genetical Enginering - If it Aint Broke, Why Fix it? :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Cloning and constituenttical Enginering - If it Aint Broke, Why Fix it? Taking a Pro or Con stand on cloning is difficult, because we know very little about agents, and there are different genetic sciences involved. We must, as Socrates so sagaciously points out, define the subject. Only then can we debate it. There is obviously the full-bore version of cloning, being the complete duplication of an existing life-form, be it plant, animal, or merciful. (I separate animal and human purely for logistics.) We copy Sheep As genes, strand by strand, and produce an exact duplicate. Meet Sheep B, C and D. Then, there is gene therapy, which is not cloning proper, but genetics nevertheless, and therefore, worth mentioning. Gene therapy is the process of splicing out malevolent genes, like cerebral palsy, schizophrenia, and physical deformations. There is also the dangerous gene mutation Rearranging D.N.A. in the hopes of discovering how genes work, and hopefully, producing new wonders of plant, animal, and human life. Essentially playing cards with God, vainly hoping Hell fold. All these possibilities are difficult to discuss, for they are fledgling sciences. We know very little of genes or D.N.A., which was only spy in1951 by Francis Crick, James Watson, and Maurice Wilkins using X-ray diffraction. Realizing my relative lack of knowledge concerning this subject, and realizing there are probably numerous, and very wise, arguments refuting mine, I shall, nevertheless, make my stand The pseudo-science of gene mutation is, at best, a risky experiment. To casually rearrange a thousand genes, as if building a new house of Legos, is exceedingly dangerous. We consecrate only cataloged a few genes. We do not know if the order is important. And just as the child attempts a castle with his Legos, and ends up with a sick house with two chimneys, we end up with an abomination. Let us stick to Tinker-toys, shall we? Besides, mutations, by definition, are mistakes in the architectural blue-prints of life. Although evolution is made possible by mutations, these mutations are slight and minor ones. One gene is dropped, tweaked, or duplicated. But the thousand remaining genes are untouched, in the same intangible, enigmatic, but important, order. This, combined with rude(a) selection, relieves the gene pool of any dangerous or extraordinary change, and only allows the subtle, positive changes to take hold.

Ap Biology Lab 1 Questions

AP Biology Lab 1 Ross Lordo Introduction Questions 1. The solute potential would be -2. 48. If the concentration inside the cellular telephone is . 15 M, then would dissemination out of the cell and into the solution of . 1 M. This is callable to weewee potential and the tendency for water to move from areas of risque water potential to low water potential. 2. The turgor wardrobe must be equal to the water potential if there is no kale diffusion.The cell and environment have reached equilibrium and the movement of water is equal on both sides. Getting Started 1. Kinetic free energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion. The difference between kinetic energy and potential energy is the kinetic energy is the energy of an object that is already in motion and potential energy is the energy possessed by an object at rest. Potential energy is stored energy, while kinetic energy is energy being exerted. 2.Temperature plenty affect the localise of diffusion. If the tem perature is colder, the rate of diffusion is much slower as a result of all particles becoming closer together. If the temperature is warmer, there is much more(prenominal) energy impart and therefore allows for the diffusion to take power at a fast rate. The distance a molecule needs to travel across the membrane can also affect the rate of diffusion. If the distance across the membrane is large, then the rate of diffusion result be much slower and vise versa. 3.A high temperature can speed up the diffusion process by providing more energy for the molecules and also for eliminating in double bonds in the phospholipid membrane. A low temperature will decline the rate of diffusion, as the particles will have less energy. The distance travelled will also affect diffusion rates. The longer the distance, the slower the diffusion is going to take place. The shorter the distance, the quicker the rate of diffusion 4. Gradients offer a pathway for molecules to go in and out of the cell. Many molecules are to big to fit by means of the semipermeable phospholipid membrane and these gradients allow these large molecules to be able to cross through the cell. 5. Most cells are clear because diffusion can take place at a quicker rate. The convolutions allow for more space to be able to be used in order to get molecules across the membrane. These small cells allow for materials to quickly be able to reach the cell membrane and get in or out of the cell, without having to make a long journey from an inside part of the cell. . Water will move out of the cell. The high water potential means there is little solute in the cell and more in the outside environment. In order to balance these concentrations, water moves out of the cell and creates equilibrium with the environment. 7. If saltwater is applied to a plant, the plant would shrivel up and die. This is a result of the water moving out of the cells in order to try to balance the concentration of solute compared to insid e the cell.The water movement out of the cell would cause the cell to shrink and the lack of water would eventually cause the plant to die. 8. A plant can control its turgor pressure through its cardinal vacuole and cell wall. If a great amount of water is inside the cell, the central vacuole will take in some of the water to take some of the pressure of the cell wall. The cell wall can also pop off water from making its way into the cell. The would cause the cell to keep expanding, but slowly eliminate its excess water.

Syllabus Psy310

Copyright 2012, 2010, 2006 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description The purpose of this course is to familiarize the pupil with the various methods of inquiry, terminologies, and theoretical systems that comprise the history of psychology. A broader view is used to introduce the modern era of psychology and its use. These include structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, and phenomenological/existential approaches.Policies Faculty and students/learners entrust be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents University policies You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the manner in which you attend class. If you bind r ecently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Goodwin, C. J. (2008). A history of modern psychology (3rd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ Wiley.All electronic materials are available on the student website. Week One Psychology in Historical Perspective Early Developments The Mind/Body Relationships of Psychology flesh out Due Points Objectives Examine the roots in early philosophy that lead to modern psychology. Identify major philosophers in the western tradition that were primary contributors to the system of psychology as a discipline. Explore the development of the science of psychology during the 19th century. Examine the historical elements of the study of the physical body and brain in antiquity. Describe major developments in medicine and biological studies that contributed to the early field of psychology. Identify major historical steps toward the mapping of brain structures that are associated w ith behavioural processes. Reading Read Ch. of A History of Modern Psychology. finishing by Wed. 0 Reading Read Ch. 2 of A History of Modern Psychology. Finish by 0 Fri. Reading Read Ch. 3 of A History of Modern Psychology. Finish by 0 Sun. Reading Read this weeks Electronic Reserve Readings. Finish by 0 Mon. Participation Participate in class treatment. Submit 2 posts 2 on 4 of 7 days Remember to participate in the class discussions 4 out of 7 days during the week (for clarification see Course and Instructor Policies).Please look into the What I Expect materials in the Course Materials Forum. You may also want to review the How You Will Be Evaluated materials to see how your participation posts will be graded. soulfulness posts to the primary(prenominal) Forum will count towards your class participation score. Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions. Wed. , Fri. , & 2 Sun. DQs will be posted in the Main Foru m. Please review the What I Expect materials in the Course Materials Forum. You may also want to review the How You Will Be Evaluated materials to see how your discussion questions will be graded. Individual Check into the class. Prepare for the course by reading all of the posts in the Course Tues. , 10/30/120 Check Into Class Materials Forum, the Main Forum, and the chaffer Forum. Download the syllabus, instructor policies and course assignment calendar. Post a reply to the Check-in thread in the Main Forum, under the thread Getting Organized.Please indicate that you have read the following You have read the syllabus and instructor policies documents and understand what is required in this course. You have read all the materials I posted in the Course Materials Forum, the Main Forum, and the Chat Forum. You understand and agree to the participation requirements. Individual Post your personal bio to the Chat Forum. Please ensure you stat e what your expectations are Wed. , 10/31/12 0 Post Bio in Chat Forum for this class.

Psychological Influences of Midlife Transition in Men Essay

Understanding hu part development has, for quite a time, concentrated on childhood and adolescence and it took several(prenominal) time for researchers to falling out trainably on exploring adulthood. This does not indicate however that there is a dearth of data about specific facets of the adult animateness (e. g. marriage, life expectancy, occupation, retirement, etcetera ). Still, one may consider that there is a very restricted understanding of the basic principles of adult development.Consider for example one significant signifier in the adult life one shot, specifically that which has been acknowledged as the midlife crisis. Isnt it a fact that individuals, in one point of their lives, regardless of the phase they be in, experience full of life moments? Perhaps we should consider the midlife as a transition or a common phase in an individuals life as Dr. Fred Horowitz, an executive coach who has worked with hundreds of business owners, executives and professionals assi sting them in the transition process sees this phenomenon.One may assert nonetheless that this stage is one of the most critical stages in an individuals life cycle, next to adolescence, since individuals experiencing crisis during the midlife transition may end up re-living the extreme options to the crisis a fussy individual is experiencing at that particular time. Passage to this phase of the life cycle may wholesome be considered of equal importance as the understanding of separation anxiety of a biennial old or the questions on identity and self-expression commonly experienced by the adolescent.The midlife transition is developmental and inherently built into the structure of the personality and the Self. It is Psychological Influences 3 at this phase that the deepest inner strivings of the soul press for expression, even if that expression threatens a well-structured world and sense of identity. As much as undergoing the midlife transition is inevitable, so is the recogniti on that in spite of the confusing and serious mental influences that accompany this phase in the life cycle, an understanding leading to acceptance of these facts, can dress as a threshold for growth and change.In this connection, I have found two articles that provide insights on what could be considered debilitating psychological do of mans passage to this particular phase in the life cycle 1) Les Brown, H. (November 09, 2008). Is the Man in the Mirror a Fraud, and 2) an article titled, Crisis in nub Adulthood Age 45- 65. Both articles describe this transitional phase, where the man who could not overcome the pressures accompanying the transition, puts on a psychological defense mechanism. L. Brown refers to much(prenominal) response as projection. On the other hand, Crisis in Midlife Adulthood, points to stagnation or self-absorption as a direct psychological response of an individual undergoing this transition. Les Brown, while pose his article on a latest book titled, Ir ritable Male Syndrome, written by Dr. Jed Diamond, centers on the family as he considers it as the main consideration in which this staminate psychological response to midlife transition is most discernible.He rationalizes that in this context where a man experiences the most intimate relationships is where he is also most vulnerable When a guys inner world starts to come unglued, the first of all to notice it are those who love him. As a result, the man projects a personality that is entirely different to what he really is in real life as the Psychological Influences 4 midlife male sees all slightly him in his most intimate surroundings reflections of his own (supposed) shortcomings. The process continues 1) the male perceives a reality (which is assumed to have been distorted by his present psychological state) and assumes that such circumstance poses a threat to his personality 2) as he moves from the source of the reflection he carries and projects a self-image (presumably to defend himself of being unmasked of his real frantic state) 3) his significant others perceive the obvious change however are uncertain of what is really going on with the midlife male. They try to act out as what is the midlife male tries to picture to them as what should be their response to his behavior.The midlife male still sees such behavior in a different perspective. The seemingly unending and continuous empowering of cultural bias, faulty assumptions, and dysfunctional belief, results to the midlife males feeling of shame. Les Brown ends with a reminder to the midlife males who are in constant struggle as they try to understand the transition phase. He provided an analogy of the reflection process to the literal mirroring act what the person is seeing is exactly the person his going to need to confront, and, in spite of his fears, hes not a fraudrather he is the person youd need to know for the first time. He ends by pointing out the imperative nature of this life c ycle that ones reaction to the process may undeniably shape what the person will become afterwards. Though the presentation of the writers moods copulation to midlife transition is obviously clear and lucid, however, his earlier attribution to a recent writing on the subject did not make him as credible as the author he earlier referred to. It sounded much Psychological Influences 5more of marketing strategy than a call for credibility. It would have been better had he presented his ideas first then anchored them on not just one reference, which would made him sound more authoritative on the subject matter. The second article, alternatively presents a full general understanding on middle adulthood, specifically the crises that both genders experienced during the midlife transition. A brief characterization of the crises experienced by the two sexes were delineated in the article.At the end, however, the writer differentiated two models that apparently explain such events as the m idlife transition and the midlife crisis. Such transition seems illogical and unnecessary and made the presentation of the articles idea unclear. I would consider the second article rather loose since it presents a number of although related thoughts do not present a holistic elucidation of what these separately identifiable elements are. A little explanation on different aspects in the subject (middle adulthood) made his presentation unacceptable.Ideas were presented from the specific to the general, but the relatedness as well as the transition from one of the sub-topics to another could not be considered conclusive of foregoing statements. Also the fact that there was no reference to the author or other authority on the subject (except for Erickson, though reference to authority was not rationally done) made the presentation less acceptable. In conclusion, both articles although to some extent served their purpose as being content articles could not be considered successful in providing new insights in the subject matter.Finally, in a interchange of hyper-mediation, which is the primary facet of the Psychological Influences 6 Web and the internet, writers as those specified here, should have maximized what their medium could offer (though this is not part of the review, I still consider this part and parcel of that which contributes to the efficiency of the distribution of specific content to its intended audience). As such hyperlinks may have been considered in presenting the articles they have written. ReferencesLes Brown, H. (November 09, 2008). Is the Man in the Mirror a Fraud? Retrieved April 06, 2009 from Midlife Mastery Website http//www. midlifemaster. net/2008/11/for-the-past-few-days-ive-been-reading-dr- jed-diamonds-newest-book-the-irritable-male-syndrome-with-rapt-attention-in- adv. html CliffsNotes. com. Crisis in Middle Adulthood Age 4565. Retrieved April 06, 2009 from Cliffnotes Website http//www. cliffsnotes. com/WileyCDA/CliffsReviewTop ic/topicArticleId- 26831,articleId-26814. html

Role of A Computer Programmer

Computer programmers write, test, and maintain the detailed instructions, called programs, that data processors must follow to perform their functions. They also conceive, fig, and test logical structures for solution problems by computer. Many technical innovations in programming-advanced computing technologies and sophisticated untried languages and programming tools-have redefined the role of a programmer and elevated much of the programming start done today.Job titles and descriptions may vary, depending on the organization. Computer programs tell the computer what to do, which information to identify and access, how to process it, and what equipment to use. Programs vary widely depending upon the type of information to be accessed or generated. For example, the instructions involved in updating financial records are very different from those required to duplicate conditions on board an aircraft for pilots training in a flight simulator.Although simple programs can be writte n in a few hours, programs that use complex mathematical formulas, whose solutions can only be approximated, or that draw data from many existing systems may require more than a year of work. In most cases, several programmers work together as a team under a senior programmers supervision. Programmers write programs according to the specifications determined primarily by computer parcel engineers and systems analysts. After the design process is complete, it is the blood line of the programmer to convert that design into a logical series of instructions that the computer can follow.The programmer then codes these instructions in a conventional programming language, such(prenominal) as COBOL an artificial intelligence language, such as Prolog or one of the most advanced object-oriented languages such as Java, C++, or Smalltalk. Different programming languages are employ depending on the purpose of the program. COBOL, for example, is commonly used for business applications, where as Fortran (short for formula translation) is used in science and engineering. C++ is widely used for both scientific and business applications.Many programmers at the enterprise level are also expect to know platform-specific languages used in database programming. Programmers generally know more than one programming language and, because many languages are similar, they often can learn new languages relatively easily. In practice, programmers often are referred to by the language they know, as are Java programmers, or the type of function they perform or environment in which they work, which is the case for database programmers, mainframe programmers, or Web programmers.Programmers often are grouped into two broad types, applications programmers and systems programmers. Applications programmers write programs to handle a specific job, such as a program to track inventory within an organization. They may also revise existing packaged software or customize generic applications call ed middleware. Systems programmers, on the other hand, write programs to maintain and control computer systems software, such as operating(a) systems, networked systems, and database systems.These workers make changes in the sets of instructions that determine how the network, workstations, and central process unit of the system handle the various jobs they have been given, and how they communicate with peripheral equipment such as terminals, printers, and disk drives. Because of their knowledge of the entire computer system, systems programmers often admirer applications programmers to determine the source of problems that may occur with their programs. Most systems programmers hold a 4-year degree in computer science. Extensive knowledge of a variety of operating systems is essential for such workers.This includes being able to configure an operating system to work with different types of hardware and having the skills needed to adapt the operating system to vanquish meet the ne eds of a particular organization. Systems programmers also must be able to work with database systems, such as DB2, Oracle, or Sybase. Programmers in software training companies may work directly with experts from various fields to create software, either programs designed for specific clients or packaged software for general use, ranging from games and educational software to programs for desktop publishing and financial planning.Much of this type of programming takes place in the preparation of packaged software, which constitutes one of the most rapidly growing segments of the computer services industry. In some organizations, particularly small ones, workers commonly known as programmer-analysts are responsible for both the systems analysis and the actual programming work. innovational programming languages and new object-oriented programming capabilities are increase the efficiency and productivity of both programmers and users.The transition from a mainframe environment to o ne that is based primarily on personal computers (PCs) has blurred the once rigid distinction between the programmer and the user. Increasingly, adept end-users are taking over many of the tasks previously performed by programmers. For example, the growing use of packaged software, such as spreadsheet and database management software packages, allows users to write simple programs to access data and perform calculations.Required skills vary from job to job, but the demand for various skills generally is driven by changes in technology. Employers using computers for scientific or engineering applications usually favor college graduates who have degrees in computer or information science, mathematics, engineering, or the physical sciences. Graduate degrees in related fields are required for some jobs. Employers who use computers for business applications pick out to hire people who have had college courses in management information systems (MIS) and business and who possess strong p rogramming skills.Although knowledge of traditional languages still is important, employers are placing increasing emphasis on newer, object-oriented programming languages and tools, such as C++ and Java. Additionally, employers are seeking persons familiar with fourth- and fifth-generation languages that involve graphic user interface (GUI) and systems programming. Employers also prefer applicants who have general business skills and experience related to the operations of the firm.

Modern technology is enhancing social life

engineering is indispensable in solving redbrick problems, enhancing genial life and ensuring a better future (Diamond 240). Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to reach among others industrial and commercial objectives of an organization or a auberge. It has cultural, organizational and technical aspects (Freeman and Francisco 142). Technology has become a properly tool that is being partd to improve kind life and solve human beings problems like poverty and deceases. In addition, engineering has increased the power of human beings to control and manipulate nature thereby enhancing our ability to adapt to the environment (Global Scenario base Report 19).Despite all the benefits of applied science, it has negative side cause like unemployment. It is then important to assess dangers and promises of a engineering science in order to formulate safeguards to eliminate its negative jars or its misuse. It is also important to adjust limits on m whatever tec hnologies like biotechnology so as to harness their full potential without lowering the dignity of human beings (Freeman and Francisco 327).DiscussionThere are many areas in which technology impact positively in the society. The globalization of the net profit for example, has extended and empowered the human network (Cisco Systems E25). It has changed positively the manner in which social, political, commercial and personal interactions are occurring. The internet presents a platform on which businesses back end be run, emergencies scum bag be addressed and individuals can be informed. It is being used to support education, science and government. (Global Scenario Group Report 24).Education has immense impact on a society. It trains the human mind to think and make right decisions. Through education, integrity acquires knowledge and information which can be used to solve problems like unemployment in a society (Cisco Systems E27). Technology rears the processes of communicati on, collaboration and engagement which are fundamental building blocks of education. It supports and enriches students learning experiences.It helps to allow learning materials like interactive activities, assessments and feedbacks to a larger number of students faster and cheaper. In contrast to traditional learning methods which provide only two sources of expertise, that is, the casebook and the instructor which are limited in format and timing, online courses can contain voice, data and video which enhance understanding (Cisco Systems E30). Technology has thus removed geographic barriers to education and improved students learning experiences.Technology has facilitated the formation of global communities through social networks like facebook. This has fostered social interactions independent of geographical location (Global Scenario Group Report 27). The online communities enable sharing of valuable ideas and information capable of increasing productivity and opportunities in a society. For example, one can post to a forum to plowshare health and treatment information with other members of the forum from all over the military personnel. Though this kind of interaction is not physical, people are still able to share their social experiences and values more efficiently with people from various(a) backgrounds.Technology has also helped to reduce poverty. Advancement in technology has led to raw efficient sources of postcode even to poor hobnailed communities. The availability of cheap sources of energy opens up a society to investments and economic activities (Diamond 253). For example, technology has made it possible through communicable engineering to engineer crops that convert solar energy to fuels more efficiently.Governments are thus able to provide cheaper efficient sources of energy even to poor rural communities since solar energy is available virtually anywhere in the world (Freeman and Francisco 307). Genetic engineering can also be used to cook plants that realize valuable products like silicon chips for computers efficiently. This can result in improved income and living standards to members of a society. Technology can therefore bring about social revolution by enriching villages thereby attracting people and wealth from cities (Freeman and Francisco 331).Technology enables farms in remote sticks to function as part of the global economy. Through advancement in technology, clownish outputs consecrate improved thus ensuring food security. Technology helps farmers to avoid losings caused by natural disasters like drought. For example, a farmer can use a laptop enabled with a Global post System to plant his or her crops with precision and efficiency resulting in high harvests.At harvest time, the farmer can use technology to co-ordinate harvesting with the availability of grain a transporter and storage facilities using mobile wireless technology. This can help to reduce losses caused by delays. The grain tran sporter can monitor the vehicle in-route to maintain the best fuel efficiency and safe operation. In addition, through technology changes in status can be relayed to the driver of the vehicle instantly (Cisco Systems E34). Technology has thus improved efficiency and effectiveness in the agricultural sector. It has enabled societies to have profuse healthy food.Modern technology is also widely used in the entertainment and travel industries. The internet has enabled people to share and enjoy many forms of recreation, regardless of their location. For example, one can explore different turn ups interactively without having to visit them. Technology has also enabled the creation of new forms of entertainment, such as online games (Cisco Systems E36). Entertainment is important in a society since it reduce stress and problems caused by depression.Fears have been raised about some technologies such as nuclear weapons being used to cause monolithic destructions in the world (Freeman and Francisco 308). But the global partnership has the ability to enforce controls and limits on technology use to ensure that technology is not misused. A beneficial technology cannot therefore be abandoned when measures can be put in place to shape and direct its use. Moreover, governments in the form of regulatory institutions and professional bodies have the potential to regulate technologies that are susceptible to misuse to ensure that they do not impact negatively on values of the society (Freeman and Francisco 316).ConclusionTechnology is embedded in all aspects of our society and has extensive implications on culture and social activities. Technology has significantly improved health, agriculture, education, transport and communication sectors. These are critical sectors in any society as they contribute to development and improvement of living standards. Although some technologies might have side effects, measures can be put in place by governments and the international com munity to ensure that all technologies are used for the benefits of the society.Analysis and evaluation1.The sources I used are qualified on the subject of technology and its social impacts. Cisco Corporation is a leading and credible technology firm. Its products are widely accepted all over the world. In the Cisco corporate sociable Responsibility Report of 2009 the organization outlined its key activities and how they contribute to the social welfare of the community. Cisco also offers certification courses that are very popular world wide.The Cisco Networking Academy Program is a good example of how technology can be used to enhance learning experience. In the program, the instructor provides a syllabus and establishes a preliminary schedule for completing the course content. The expertise of the instructor is supplemented with an interactive curriculum comprising of text, graphics, audio and animations. In addition, a tool called piece of land tracer is provided to build virt ual representations of networks and emulate functions of various networking devices (Cisco Systems E31).Freeman and Francisco in their book give a lot of examples of how technology can be used to enhance social life. They also point out some side effects of modern technology and how they can be addressed. In addition, the publisher of this book, Oxford University Press is a credible publisher and the source can thus be relied on.Some social impacts of the modern technology are common in homes and workplaces. For example, the impacts of the internet on profession are common. Majority of people have embraced electronic commerce and are buying goods and services online from the comfort of their homes. Electronic commerce has thus opened new doors of opportunities that are being exploited in the society.Diamond in his book explores the rise of civilization, discussing the evolution of agriculture and technology and their impact on the society. He gives clear examples of how technology has improved the social welfare of communities especially through improvements in agricultural production. Some of the examples he gives are common and can easily be cogitate to what is going around.The Global Scenario Group report is a credible source. Its main sponsors who include Stockholm Environment Institute, Rockefeller Foundation, the Nippon Foundation, and the United Nations Environment Programme are advocacy organizations in the fields of technology and the environment. The research explored the historical background of technology, the current situation and what the future might look like. It gives clear examples of major scientific discoveries that are driving technology and their potential impacts.If I had adequate time, I would do additional research to find more information on effective measures the international community can take to ensure that technology is not misused. I would particularly focus on tools the international community can employ to cherish technolog y from irresponsible individuals like terrorists. This is because technology itself is not bad, but it is the human beings who in some cases use it irresponsibly. Therefore, if correct measures and controls are put in place technology can be used for the benefit of all in the society. This can eliminate fears and most of the side effects of technology.2a. Technology shapes institutions, values and daylight to day activities in our society. It affects identities, relationships, social structures and economic activities (Freeman and Francisco 316). Technology is thus inevitable in the modern world. The internet has enhanced our social, political, commercial and personal interactions enabling us to share information and ideas more efficiently. Technology has significantly improved the quality of education. It has enabled learning materials to reach a larger number of students efficiently and cheaply. An improvement in the quality of education enhances the social life of a community si nce it enables individuals to make creative decisions capable of solving social problems.Technology has facilitated the formation of online communities were members can share their diverse experiences and ideas. This has the potential of increasing productivity in a society. In addition, technology has helped to reduce poverty. It has resulted in efficient sources of energy even in rural areas thereby opening up rural areas for investments and developments. Modern technology has also improved efficiency in the agricultural sector therefore ensuring food security. Moreover, I discussed how modern technology has been used in the entertainment and travel industries to create new forms of entertainments like online games. Finally, I noted that although some technologies have side effects, governments and the international community have the potential to direct and control the use of technology for the benefit of the society.2b.Some of the evidences I used include the Cisco Networking Ac ademy Program which is an example of how technology can be used to improve quality of education. The second evidence is of a farmer using a laptop enabled with a Global Positioning System to plant his crops with precision and efficiency. The example illustrates how technology can be used to improve agricultural production. The third evidence illustrates how genetic engineering can be used to engineer crops that convert solar energy to fuels more efficiently. The energy can then be used in the rural areas to create wealth and employment opportunities. Finally, I illustrated how technology has been used in the entertainment and travel industry to create new forms of entertainment like online games.2c.The major impudence I made is that the international community has the potential to control and direct the use of technology. This is only possible if there is peace and cooperation among all countries of the world. But this is not the case especially in the Middle East. The instability in countries like Iran and the existence of extremists have increased fears of technology being used to cause massive destruction.3.Someone might ague that technology is a problem because we rely on it so much and that although it makes us better it also make us worse. My sic is that in any human community there must be control and order. It is therefore the responsibility of governments to ensure that the society is protected from negative effects of technology. Some people might point out the destructive effects of technology on the environment to ague against it. But if correct measures are put in place we will be able to assess the dangers and promises of any technology in order to formulate effective safeguards against its side effects.Works citedCisco Systems, Inc. Cisco Corporate Social Responsibility Report. cisco.com. Cisco Systems, Inc. 2009. Web. 2009.Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs, and Steel The Fates of Human Societies. New York. W.W. Norton. 1999. Web.Freeman, Chris and Francisco Louca. As Time Goes By From the Industrial Revolutions to the Information Revolution. England. Oxford University Press. 2001. Web.Global Scenario Group Report. Great Transition The compact and Lure of the Times Ahead. gsg.org. Global Scenario Group. Web. 2002.

Ethical Management Essay

This essay gibeks to identify the study of ethical management on a broad scope, and to specifically sieve out the issues which atomic number 18 common within the intrusting sector. This would include a case study on UBS and ethical problems which UBS get faced. As morality loafernot be divorced entirely from the study of sustainability and corporate social responsibility, this essay will excessively feature a look at banks, and their decisions which might be been wrong. The write up of Ethical ManagementWhile there might be many reasons why wrong behaviour happens, this essay would be looking at trio of them in particular 1) Personal Gain, 2) Strong Organisational Identification, and 3) Personality. . To examine the relationship between organizations and why ethical issues occur within them, we first define the term course and Businessperson. The control, Business Ethics, written by William(2008), states that a business can represent and throw away from a start-up vent ure by some students, to a multinational corporation.Businessperson might be a sole proprietor running a business for themselves, or a CEO responsible for a multinational corporation. To take a broader view, we view the businesspeople under the personal point of view, and couple them with the other individuals who are within the organization. This would allow us to see why wrong behaviour can derive not only from the top management, but from every aspect of the organization. To expound on the individual, we refer to the give-and-take written by Schminke(2010), Managerial Ethics, where he identified four individual decision-making styles.The first belongs to an individualist mentality, this mentality ignores the stakeholders. The second mentality is altruistic, where the benefit of others is of the essence. The trey group is the pragmatists, and lastly, the idealist, whose decisions are governed by principles and persists. Common Ethical issues faced in the Banking sector 1) Insi ders Trading Insider job, defined by Cornell University Law School, is when connections stocks or other securities are traded by individuals who have doorway to undisclosed and confidential in tenoration.These individuals are kn take as insiders. To better comprehend the concerns of insider trading, we refer to the paper by Yulong & Huey-Lian(1998). Two things must first be addressed. First, who do these insiders refer to? Secondly, how is insider trading illegal? By definition from the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission(S. E. C. ), insiders are, chairmen, directors, officers, etc. , and principal shareholders with 10 per centum or more of their own firms common stock.People in these coifs are likely to be able to gain access to the firms undisclosed information. However, not all insiders trading are illegal. For example, managers of firms can a good deal purchase its own firms stocks to increase their own individual share and voting power within the firm. This train of thought also believes that the more stock of the firm the manager holds, the greater their ownership and frankincense a higher work morale is derived from it.Insiders are still allowed to purchase its own firms stock, if they truly believe that it is a good investment. Insider trading becomes illegal however, when trades are do by insiders with the prior knowledge of an announcement for the investors personal gain. When an act as such is committed, insider trading becomes illegal. This action is deemed unethical as it is unfair to investors who do not possess the material information. Other transgressions can include the handling of undisclosed firms information from a firms insider to a public investor.For a trade to occur under the basis of the privileged information, and for the recipient to have personally gained from the trade, both parties can be charged under the S. E. C. s regulation of Fair Disclosure. An example of illegal insider trading within banks can be seen from as recently as January 16, 2014, where David Michael Gutman from J. P. Morgan colluded with Christopher John Tyndall from Meyers Associates. As long time close personal friends, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority(FINRA) discovered that Gutman had shared material, undisclosed information withTyndall over a span of 19 months. This information included pending corporate mergers and acquisition transactions, which allowed Tyndall to make informed, no-risk trading using personal and family accounts. Quoting from Cameron K. Funkhouser, he said, David Gutman had the keys to the kingdom through his position at J. P. Morgan as a gatekeeper.. , we can see to how unethical behaviour driven by an individual in the position of power, can taint the calculate of the firm. Enforcements have been put in place to prevent and to deter insiders from carrying out such behaviours.The SEC has instituted new rules, 10b5-1 and 10b5-2 under the code of Federal Regulations, and the enforcement of these regulations being made global just recently in 2013 after the insider trading inquiry regarding the acquisition of H. J. Heinz Company. 2) Profits before Ethics The relationship between business ethics and profits can be complicated at times. Profits values will sometimes conflict with ethical values which will lead to unethical business behaviour in the managers bid to raise profits within the firm, consequentially affecting the firms stakeholders.Watkins (2011) brings about the furrow that for those who ethics concerns, the chase of pecuniary values creates a potential compromise between social ethics and profitable opportunities, a factor that links to the Goldman Rule. The rule states that the greater the profitable opportunities, the higher the opportunity cost for the firm to consider ethical behaviours. This is further described by Weber (2006), as he states that companies are not evaluated on their success based on their reputation for ethics, but on the basis of profitabi lity.It is plausible now to see why banks are driven by a sole concern for profit and to raise the value of their stock. With that in mind, what are some ethical boundaries a bank could exceed upon? As a corporation whose sole objective is to increase profit, they carries the potential turn a blind eye to internal ethics explained in the book by Reynolds (2011) titled, Ethics in Investment Banking, which defines internal ethics as ethical considerations in regards to their employees welfare and the considerations in the use of the shareholder resources.These transgressions can range in forms of overworking employees, to an audit coverage of losses to portray a higher stock market price. As individuals looking for greater profits all for self or the firm, especially under the investment wings of banks, individuals can turn rogue and make unauthorised transactions which goes beyond the risk limits of the banks in hope of a greater profit. Jerome Kerviels case in 2008 where even the hierarchy turned a blind eye to his risks due to the profit he was generating, and Nick Leesons famous collapse of Barings Bank in 1995 are ii such examples.Investments in environmentally harmful industries Environmentally harmful projects have been a major factor against Global Warming Awareness efforts. Such investments are being funnelled by banks who are less ethical in the airfield of sustainability. There have been numerous campaigns to counter banks from investing into unethical projects, some of which protestors even boycotted such banks. Citigroup the worlds largest project pay bank has been cognize to grant loans to these projects, which are harming the environment.Citigroup was indirectly related to the Camisea pipeworkline in Peru which has at least 5 spillages along the pipeline to date. Which not only damages the local anesthetic ecosystems, but also detrimental to the livelihood of people around the world and threatens the well-being of mankind via climate change (Hogue, 2002). A glimpse of such unethical activities reveals something prevalent. It destroys our natural environment, by means of deforestation and the release of harmful gases from the burning of fossil fuels.However, Citigroup has yet see that their funding of major oil drilling and pipe laying companies not only worsens the global warming situation but also emboldens environmental insecurity. Several other big-scale European banks, such as Dutch Bank and ABN Amro, came up with a policy which prevented funding of these industries. According to (ABN Amros) sustainability policy, limited to financing of companies or projects related to timber, paper, agricultural plantations, mining and/or oil and gas.The bank would consider exceptions only when extractions are delicately prepared, and holds responsibility on issues of national forest management. A positive example of how banks can fund environmentally loving projects can be seen from analysing the Banking Environment Initiati ve (BEI), it aims to lead the banking industry in directing bank investments towards environmentally and socially sustainable economic development. The objective of the BEI is to also unravel ways to invest in clean energy and soft commodities.As quoted from (CPSL, online), the group, currently comprises of 10 global banking institutions which stretches across Asia to Europe, the United States and Latin America. The surmount way of creating a united force amongst them was if they were acting on behalf of their clients. Consumer Goods Forum (CGF) has the intention to eliminate deforestation from their supply chain. As such they would prefer to form alliances with banks and work together to counter and ultimately eliminate deforestation.Banks have got to find ways to come up with a significant source of funding to finance the journey to sustainability. 4) glum Accounting Frauds False accounting fraud, defined by the United Kingdoms police, is the practice where a business, works in tandem with an accounting firm to overstate or understate companys asset or liabilities with the intention of making the business appear financially stronger or healthier than it really is. As there are a multitude of reasons to commit false accounting fraud, we will not be listing all.False accounting allows for a corporation to gain higher credit ratings, report unrealistic profits, and hide losses to appeal to potential shareholders with an inflated share price. nigh extraordinary cases which occurred regarding the falsification of accounts are such as the Enron scandal in 2001 where the audit and accountancy firm, Arthur Andersen was involved and convicted of assisting in audit fraud and subsequently dissolved. Enron was stated bankrupt and new laws were instituted to increase the accountability of firms who are auditing to remain independent of the clients whom they audit.Didnt the code of conduct promise proper handling of UBSs assets? He first began his illicit deals in la te 2008, doing it for personal gains while covering his tracks with false accounting to the back office. This led to the back office being stupid of the unauthorised trades as the regular books did not show it, instead, the profits were filed into a secret account called his Umbrella. Adobolis desk colleagues admitted to being in the know of the secret accounts, and his two bosses did not enquire into the suspicion despite the daily trading maximums being exceeded.This breakdown in corporate beliefs at the managerial level led to the unethical trading arising within the ranks of the department, and it going by unnoticed. While the integrity of the individual must be questioned, the work culture of UBS could be a factor to encourage the individual to behave unethically. Since the incident, UBS has taken a few measures to facilitate the new risk management practices. Firstly, the bank has taken step to refrain from proprietary trading. A bank would engage in proprietary trading as it benefits firms to make extra revenue.However, the disadvantage of engaging in this form of trading is that with high returns, often comes high risks. Conclusion In summary, how ethical management is derived has no hard and fast rule. However, implementations such as a Code of Conduct, or a company policy helps in setting the tone right within an organization. Through the paper, it is seen how ethical dilemmas can arise on an individual level or an organisational level. If one were to follow the many trains of thoughts regarding ethical management, they would get lost in the plethora of unions and activist fighting for ethical beliefs.

Feasibility Study Makeup

CHAPTER I THE trouble AND ITS SETTING dumbfoundup is hugely versatile, not only in terms of colors and harvest-homes, unless in addition in terms of how it is worn. While most wear make-up to create a large and spectacular appearance, former(a)s allow wear make-up more subtly. Make-up loafer be worn in a wide variety of situations, ranging from fiddle, events, nights expose, and even just round the house if you so desire. As a import of such(prenominal) diversity, the make-up industry is massive, meaning t wear everybody should be able to find products that they would want to wear and be seen sporting.The use of augmentatives is not latest trend, it has its roots deep within the annals of history, the enhancive industry, which st frauded glowing in the early 1990s, is expanding exponentially. With more women and men bonnie conscious and ordaining to go on on their appearance, this industry has been maturation at 20-25 percent the last few years. Not only have more nation started using cosmetics, they argon similarly ordaining to pay more to pick up and feel good.The penetration rate is becoming laid-backer than expected, this not only means that consumers atomic number 18 go forthing to spend extra bit to look and feel good, that also indicates that constant up gradation from mass to premium products. The increase of media exposure, the willingness to spend more on personal care, consciousness ab start looks and advertisements and promoting seating various consumer segments are some reasons for their trends in scotch consumption and penetration.In a place alike Cabanatuan City where a forget me drug of institutions such as schools, hospitals, parlors and business establishments are located, there is a high possibility that the business will be successful or gainful because of the greater number of employees who visits and go to the location of the business to demoralize this kind of product. ? Statement of the Problem This exa ct aimed at determining the feasibility and viability of establishing Make Up Hub business in N. E. Pacific Mall, Cabanatuan City. It sought answers to the adjacent questions 1.What marketing strategies could be taken into consideration to ensure the success of the proposed business? Who will be its target market? 2. What technical requirements should the management implement in order to make the business more private-enterprise(a)? 3. What form of organizational set up could be best adopted to put up such project? What are the qualifications of its personnel? 4. How much capital is subscribe toed to finance the business? Who are the sources of cash? 5. What are the potential problems that might be encountered by the business?What are the possible solutions of those problems? 6. What are the socio economic benefits that crumb be derived from this proposed business? ? Significance of the withdraw The result of this schooling will be skillful to the following The Researchers . This study will go to as a basis for developing new opportunities for the future. It will provide them with useful insights in the various aspects of the project feasibility study. The Future Researchers. The information will be useful as a beak or as a reference material in doing similar study in the future. The Potential Investors.To those who would like to engage in this business, this study will serve as a guide for they since it will provide them concrete guidelines on how to start a business. The Government. This study intended to sell products that will definitely give an increase on growth of our economic structure. If pushed by means of with this project, it would generate income and employment to the city of Cabanatuan. ? Scope and Limitation of the Study This study focuses on the viability of establishing a Make Up Hub at NE Pacific Mall Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija. The proposed business is concerned in selling about up-to-date make-up styles and trends.The product will depend on the quality, design and make up-efficiency. It includes an evaluation of the project in terms of different aspects of business The marketing, technical, management and financial aspects. Definition of Terms Some terms are hereby defined by the enquiryers for better understanding of the research study. Blemish. It is a mark or daub that spoils the appearance of something. Blemish Remover. It is a cream that hides whittle blemishes to make it look flawless. Blusher. It is a Makeup utilise on the face and especially on the cheekbones to give a commonly rosy tint.Concealer. It is a facial cosmetic utilise to cover blemished skin. Cosmetics. This is a powder, application program, limn, make up, or other preparation for beautifying the face, skin, hair, nails, etc. fondness Shadow. It is a cosmetic available in various colors or tints and applied especially to the opticballlids to advance the eyes. Eye Shadow Base. This is also known as an eye shadow primer, i t is type of cosmetic product that is applied to the eyelids before eye shadow. Eyebrow Pencils. It is composition provided by a cosmetic pencil that is use to darken the eyebrows. Foundation.This is a type of typography which is spread over the skin of the face, usually before other organisation is put on, giving it a better and more even color and hiding outcast marks. Hub. It is a center of activity or interest or business. Lip Gloss. This is a type of cosmetic product applied to the back talks to make them appear shinier and smoother. Lip Pencil. It is a type of colored pencil hat many race use for lining the border of their lips when applying makeup. It is typically put on before lipstick and may make it easier for some people to apply their lipstick evenly.Lipstick. This is a waxy solid usually colored cosmetic in stick form for the lips. Makeup. It is a facial cosmetic as an eye shadow or lipstick. Mascara. It is a type of cosmetic applied to the eyelashes. It serves to thicken and define the eyelashes and may also color, lengthen, or curl them, depending upon the type. Its usually sold as a liquid cosmetic in a tube and applied with a round brush called a wand. Moisturizers. It is a complex mixtures of chemic agents specially designed to make the external layers of the skin to make it softer and smooth. Primer.It is a cream or lotion applied before another cosmetic to improve coverage and lengthen the amount of time the cosmetic lasts on the face. Unguent. It is a salve for soothing or healing an ointment, lotion, cream or balm. Vanity. It is inflated plume in oneself or ones appearance conceit, such as a vain person. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF tie in LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter presents some literature and studies which are relevant to the present and provided the researchers some insight that helped in accomplishing this study. irrelevant Literature The origin of make-up dates back to 3100 BC, during the 1st Egyptian Dynasty.Unguent, a su bstance employ to frustrate the skin from drying up due to heat and to avoid wrinkles, was extensively use by people of some(prenominal) genders during that era. The women of Egypt were known to apply kohl to their eyes to give them a smoky look. Antimony or soot was usually used to make kohl. The use of cosmetics and make up was found among Romans also. They grew popular approximately around the nerve centre of 1st century AD. Kohl was now used by Romans too. The cheeks were decorated with rouge. You would be surprise to know that people used to take good care of their teeth along with their skin.For cleaning teeth, Romans used pumice. Henna dyes were used by Persian women for darkening their hair. Pale skin became very popular during the European time. A lot of women used harmful substances to achieve a pale look, which in turn spoiled their skin to a large extent. During the Renaissance period of Italy, women started using lead paint in order to lighten their skin, which in fact proved damaging. Due to the damaging effect, makeup was criticized during the time of Elizabeth I. Cosmetics came to be seen as a bane and people started avoiding them.Except for prostitutes who donned themselves with heavy makeup, people usually shied away from it. The French loved to adorn their lips with red lipsticks, and wore rouge on their cheeks. Though earlier it was repulsed by other countries, eventually it trickled down to other parts of the basis also. A lot of people started using herbal products to make cosmetics and makeup. Herbs, flower extracts, vegetable extracts, strawberries, brandy, spring peeing etc were widely used. Unfortunately pale complexion was still considered royal and so the efforts of most women were directed towards achieving skin lightness.The use of whiteners and blemish removers proved fatal at times. One of the most lethal products was white lead, which not only caused harm to the skin cells but also led to hair loss and stomach problems . The banter is that, in spite of knowing the harm they are causing to their body, women continued using dangerous cosmetics like white lead for the face, belladonna for the eyes, and even mercury and nitric acid. Shockingly enough, coal tar was used to dye hair. Even today a lot of people use harmful cosmetics, though gratefully the focus is shifting towards safer products. Foreign Study (Kim Carollo)According to Kim Carollo in Oct. 4, 2011 in his study entitled Makeup Makes Women look More Competent, wearing makeup has a significant impact on how people grok women, making women seem more good-natured, competent, likable and trustworthy, according to new research published this week. Researchers at Procter & Gamble, mamma General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston University and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute showed study participants photos of women either wearing no makeup or wearing one of three different cosmetic looks natural, professional or glamorous.In the p rototypal study, subjects were first shown images of women, who were of different ages and ethnicities, for 250 milliseconds. In a second study, a different set of study subjects looked at the alike(p) photos for an unlimited amount of time so they could carefully inspect each face. Study participants then rated the women in terms of competence, likability, attractiveness and trustworthiness. We found that when faces were shown very quickly, all ratings went up with cosmetics in all different looks, verbalize Nancy Etcoff, lead author and associate researcher at Massachusetts General Hospital. The women were judged as more competent, likable, attractive and trustworthy. But when subjects had the chance to examine photos for a longer period of time, the same perceptions didnt carry over. When they got to the more dramatic makeup looks, people saw them as equally likable and much more attractive and competent, but less trustworthy, Etcoff tell. Dramatic makeup was no longer an adv antage compared to when people saw the photos very quickly. Etcoff said the study findings should serve as a message to women that cosmetics could have an impact on how people embrace them in ways beyond physical attractiveness. In situations where a perceiver is under a high cognitive load or under time pressure, he or she is more likely to cuss on such automatic judgments for decision-making, the authors wrote. Facial images appear on ballots, job applications, web sites and dating sites. local anesthetic Literature First, makeup serves to enhance whats already there. I never cease to be amazed at how just the littlest amount of mascara (one of the two items I am never without, the other being lip balm) make my eyes stand out just a tad bit better, or how a swirl or two of blush makes me look more awake and alive even afterwards(prenominal) a late night out.Makeup takes what Mother Nature gave you and works with it so that you look like a better, more polished version of you rself. Second, makeup is one of the many ways by which I can express myself. At work, my looks tend to be more sedate, although I do a smoky eye every now and then just to liven things up a bit. However, when I go out with family and friends, I tend to favor more colorful combinations (purple and plum shadows with teal eyeliner, you get the picture).And while were on the topic of self-expression, I might as well affirm that I have a lot of respect for those artists and enthusiasts who are able to come up with avant grade looks (i. e. makeup that you wouldnt in reality wear to work or any other real-life situation, unless youre a runway model). Makeup is an art form, after all, with creativity and imagination setting the limits. Third, you can work with as few or as many products as you desire or feel comfortable with. Sometimes when I do makeup on myself or on other people, I find that I will use iv or five eye shadows to achieve the effect I want (and thats just the eyes).Howeve r, if for you a made-up face consists of using only concealer, powder, and lipstick, thats fine, too. If theres one thing Ive realized over the years, its that there is no amended rule on the number of products you bring. Magazines and websites can go on and on about how a product like, lets say eyeliner, is essential to anyones arsenal. But if you know that youre not going to use it, why buy yourself a tube? In the end, its about using products that work for you and your lifestyle. Its about creating a look for yourself that makes your day just that wee bit brighter, your stride a bit more confident.Local Study (codenameaya) Giveaway Make your skin care wish come true with HBC by codenameaya stick on July 2, 2012. why do you wear makeup? Well, let me tell you why I do. I believe that makeup can do wonders. Wearing makeup makes me feel better about myself. Its my confidence-booster. Call me vain but of course I want to look good in front of other people, and makeup can help me ac hieve just that. Now the next question that arises is this Why is there a need for me to wear makeup? My skin is far from perfect.I have already told you my skin history when I posted about my *skin care routine* (which needs updating, btw) before. I had a lot of pimples during my late simple-minded and early high school days, and that made me feel really insecure about my face. Then after what felt like forever, thanks to the different products I used, the pimples started disappearing and my face started clearing up. Now, these are some of my main skin concerns uneven skin tone, oiliness, redness esp. around the nose area, blemishes here and there. This is why I like to wear makeup. It temporarily addresses my skin concerns.Emphasis on temporarily, ive come to realize that although makeup does well in concealing my imperfections, I still should not forget to take care of my skin. I should be doing something to stop my skin clear and healthy and not just be covering it up with thi ck layers of asylum all the time. I cant just wear makeup every time, you know. Sino ba naman ang hindi gusto ng super gandang skin, na parang naka-makeup ka na kahit wala ka namin makeup? There are now so many products out there that can help us take better care of our skin. We just need to be careful in choosing which ones to use.We first have to know what we need to fix for us to know how to fix it. Justification of the Study The researchers worked hard to search for any available material to support and establish the foundation of this study. This proposed study entitled Make Up Hub business in N. E. Pacific Mall, Cabanatuan City is an original work of the present researchers and is considered to be the first study of its kind conducted in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija. According to the entropy gathered by the researchers, no similar study was found available. Therefore, the researchers concluded that this study as an original one. CHAPTER IIIRESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter p resents the research modeology, used by the researchers, the procedure in gathering data as well as the sources where the data and information were taken from. Method of Research Used The researchers utilized descriptive method in this study. It is a fact finding with adequate interpretation. Gay (1976) defines the descriptive research as involving collection of data in order to test or to answer questions concerning the current status of the subject of the study. Research Locale The researchers will conduct their feasibility study in NE Pacific Mall, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija.Data Gathering Procedures The researchers used the following proficiency to ensure the reliability of facts as presented in this study Documentary Analysis. Is a social research method and is an important research tool in its own right and is an invaluable part of most schemes of triangulation Observation. The researchers used this method to observe the location site of the proposed study, visited some of the business establishments and tried to observe the characteristics of the target market. Interview. It will provide the researchers the necessary facts needed in the pursuit in the search of the project under study.Proponents will be able to gather information regarding in the establishment of the proposed business by conducting interviews in a more or less informal conversation so as not to intimidate the interviewee. Survey. The researchers asked people about existing prices, conditions and processes. They performed market survey to find out the kind of makeup people buy. It helps in determining factors that affect the buying habit of the buyer as well as pricing of the product. statistical Treatment of data Sampling Technique. The researchers used Slovenes formula and convenience sampling.Convenience sampling is used in explanatory research where the researcher is interested in getting an inexpensive approximation of the truth. manifestation N = N 1+Ne2 Where n = is the sample size N = is the total population E = is the borderline of error Financial Treatment of Data In determining the feasibility and viability of the proposed business, various tools will be adapted. 1. Payback Period This is the length of time required by the project to return the initial cost of investment. It emphasizes managements concern with liquidity and the need to minimize risks through a rapid recovery of the initial investment. FormulaPayback Period = ____Net Investment_____ Ave. one-year Cash Flow 2. Return on Assets It is a useful tool for monitoring both the result of operation and efficiency of asset management. ROI is probably the most common heartbeat used to evaluate the performance. Formula Return on Investment = ___Net Income___ Total Assets 3. Net Present cherish It represents the ratio of the net income over the initial investment of the proposed project. It will be used to determine how much returns would be generated by the investments of the owner of the proj ect based on net profits. Formula ARR = Average Annual Net Income x100% Investment

Primary and Secondary Data Essay

1. native ANDSECONDARY DATAWe explore the useableness and employment of info ( basal feather and gameary) in the field of business inquiry.Specifically, we examine an international assay of doctoral dissertations since 1998, categorizing query topics, entropy solicitation, and availability of sleep withledge. Findings suggest that use of only primary nurture pervades the discipline, despite strong modeological reasons to augment with collateral schooling. gate entropy terminate be defined as the quantitative or qualitative values of a unsettled. entropy is plural of datum which literally means to give or something given. info is thought to be the lowest unit of info from which different measurements and analysis send away be d unitary. Data nates be numbers, images, haggling, figures, facts or ideas. Data in itself can non be understood and to get selective information from the entropy one essential interpret it into meaningful information. at that plac e be various methods of interpreting selective information.Data comes argon b passage centeringly classified advertisement into primary and secondary coil entropy.Knowing how the entropy was quiet releases critics of a study to search for bias in how it wasconducted. A good study will welcome much(prenominal) scrutiny. Each type has its own weaknesses andstrengths. primary(a) Data is gathered by concourse who can focus conducely on the purpose in mind.This friends stop up that questions argon meaningful to the purpose moreover can introduce bias in those similar questions. inessential selective information doesnt prolong the privilege of this focus but is only susceptibleto bias introduced in the choice of what information to reuse. utter a nonher way, those who gatherPrimary Data get to write the questions. Those who gather secondary data get to pick thequestions. importance OF DATA AND DATA COLLECTIONData is one of the well-nigh grievous and vital aspect of whatever explore studies. Researchers conducted in different fields of study can be different in methodology but every question is based on data which is crushd and interpreted to get information. Data is the basic unit in statistical studies. Statistical information like census, population variables, health statistics, and road accidents records are all developed from data .Data is important in computer science. Numbers, images and figures in computer are all data .DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUESThere are two sources of data collection techniques. Primary and Secondary data collection techniques, Primary data collection uses surveys, experiments or direct observations .Secondary data collection whitethorn be conducted by aggregation information from a diverse source of documents or electronically stored information, census and market studies are examples of a common sources of secondary data. This is also referred to as data mining. primary election DATAPrimary data means original data that has been serene specially for the purpose in mind. It means someone collected the data from the original source first hand. Data collected this way is called primary data .Primary data has non been published yet and is more authoritative, authentic and objective .Primary data has not been changed or altered by human beings therefore its rigorousness is greater than secondary data.The people who gather primary data may be an authorized plaque, investigator, enumerator or they may be just someone with a clipboard. These people are acting as a witness so primary data is only considered as tried as the people who gathered it.IMPORTANCE OF elemental DATAImportance of Primary data cannot be neglected. A look into can be conducted withoutsecondary data but a research based on only secondary data is least reliable and may havebiases because secondary data has already been manipulated by human beings. In statisticalsurveys it is necessary to get information from primary so urces and work on primary data forexample, the statistical records of female population in a country cannot be based onnewspaper, magazine and other printed sources. One such sourceis old and secondly theycontain expressage information as well as they can be deceptive and biased.ValidityValidity is one of the major concerns in a research. Validity is the quality of a research thatmakes it trustworthy and scientific. Validity is the use of scientific methods in research tomake it logical and acceptable.Using primary data in research can improves the validity of research. First-hand informationobtained from a sample that is representative of the target population will yield data that willbe valid for the wide-cut target population.AuthenticityAuthenticity is the genuineness of the research. Authenticity can be at stake if the tecinvests personal biases or uses misleading information inthe research. Primary research tools data can become more authentic if the methods chosen to analyz e and interpret data arevalid and reasonably fit for the data type.Primary sources are more authentic because the facts have not been overthrough. Primary sourcecan be less authentic if the source hides information or alters facts due to some personalreasons. There are methods that can be employed to ensure factual yielding of data from thesource. dependablenessReliability is the certainty that the research is enough true to be trusted on. For example, if aresearch study concludes that junk food employment does not increase the risk of cancer andheart diseases. This conclusion should have to be drawn from a sample whose size, samplingtechnique and variability is not questionable.Reliability improves with using primary data. In the similar research mentioned above if theresearcher uses experimental method and questionnaires the results will be highly reliable.On the other hand, if he relies on the data operational in books and on net income he will collectinformation that does no t represent the real facts.SOURCES OF PRIMARY DATASources for primary data are limited and at cartridge holders it becomes hard to obtain data fromprimary source because of either scarcity of population or lack of cooperation. Regardless ofany difficulty one can face in collecting primary data it is the most authentic and reliabledata source. Following are some of the sources of primary data.ExperimentsExperiments require an imitative or natural setting in which to perform logical study to collectdata. Experiments are more suitable for medicine, psychological studies, nutrition and forother scientific studies. In experiments the experimenter has to keep control over theinfluence of any extraneous variable on the results.SurveySurvey is most commonly used method in social sciences, management, marketing andpsychology to some extent. Surveys can be conducted in different methods. Questionnaire is the most commonly used method in survey. Questionnaires are a list ofquestions either an open-ended or close -ended for which the respondent give answers.Questionnaire can be conducted via telephone, mail, pass in a public area, or in an institute,through electronic mail or through telefax and other methods. Interview is a face-to-face conversation with the respondent. It is slow, high-ticket(prenominal), and theytake people away from their regular jobs, but they allow in-depth questioning and follow-upquestions.The interviewer can not only record the statements the interviewee speaks but he can observethe body run-in or non-verbal communication such as face-pulling, fidgeting, shrugging,hand gestures, sarcastic expressions that add further meaning to spoken words and otherreactions to the questions too.A problem with interviews is that people might say what they think the interviewer inadequacys tohear they might avoid being frankly critical in face their jobs or reputation might suffer.And the respondent deliberately hides information other it is an in dept h source ofinformation. So this enables the interviewer to draw conclusions easily. Observations can be done while let the observing person know that he is being observedor without letting him know. Observations can also be do in natural settings as well as inartificially created environment.Primary data can be relied on because you know where it came from and what was done to it.Its like cooking something yourself. You know what went into it.ADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY RESEARCHTargeted Issues are addressedThe organization asking for the research has the complete control on the process and theresearch is streamlines as far-off as its objectives and scope is concerned. Researching companycan be asked to concentrate their efforts to find data regarding specific market rather thanconcentration on mass market.Data interpretation is betterThe collected data can be examined and interpreted by the marketers depending on their need rather than relying on the interpretation made by collectors of secondary data.Efficient Spending for schoolingUnlike secondary research where the marketer may fell for information that is not needed,primary data collections focus on issues specific to theresearcher improves the chances thatresearch funds will be spent efficiently.Decency of DataUsually secondary data is not so recent and it may not be specific to the place or situationmarketer is targeting. The researcher can use the irrelevant seeming information for knowingtrends or may be able to find some relation with the catamenia scenario. Thus primary databecomes a more accurate tool since we can use data which is useful for us.Proprietary IssuesInformation collected by using primary research is their own and is generally not shared withothers. Thus, information can be kept hidden from competitors and potentially offer aninformation advantage to the company that undertook the primary research. This gives anedge over competitors replying on secondary data.Addresses Specific Research IssuesCarrying out their own research allows the marketing organization to address issues specificto their own situation. Primary research is designinged to collect the information the marketerwants to know (Step 2) and report it in ways that benefit the marketer. For example, whileinformation reported with secondary research may not fit the marketers needs (e.g., differentage groupings) no such problem exists with primary research since the marketer controls theresearch design.Greater Controlnot only does primary research enable the marketer to focus on specific issues, it also enablesthe marketer to have a high level of control over how the information is collected. In thisway the marketer can decide on such issues as size of project (e.g., how galore(postnominal) responses),location of research (e.g., geographic area) and time frame for completing the project.DISADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY RESEARCHHigh CostCompared to secondary research, primary data may be very overpriced since th ere is a greatdeal of marketer involvement and the expense in preparing and obtaining out research can behigh and has to design everything.Time ConsumingTo be done correctly primary data collection requires the development and execution of aresearch plan. Going from the start-point of deciding to undertake a research project to theend-point to having results is often much longer than the time it takes to acquire secondarydata, which can be collected in much lesser time duration.Inaccurate Feed-backsIn case the research involves taking feedbacks from the targeted audience, there are highchances that feedback given is not correct. Feedbacks by their basic nature are usually biasedor given just for the sake of it.More number of resources is requiredLeaving aside embody and time, other resources like human resources and materials too are needed in larger quantity to do surveys and data collection.SECONDARY DATASecondary data is the data that has been already collected by and promptl y available from othersources. When we use Statistical Method with Primary Data from another purpose for ourpurpose we refer to it as Secondary Data. It means that one purposes Primary Data is anotherpurposes Secondary Data. So that secondary data is data that is being reused. Such data arecheaper and more quickly obtainable than the primary data.These secondary data may be obtained from umteen sources, including literature, industrysurveys, compilations from computerized databases and information systems, andcomputerized or mathematical models of environmental processes.IMPORTANCE OF SECONDARY DATASecondary data can be less valid but its importance is still there. Sometimes it is difficult toobtain primary data in these cases getting information from secondary sources is easier andpossible. Sometimes primary data does not exist in such situation one has to confine theresearch on secondary data.Sometimes primary data is present but the respondents are not willing to reveal it in su ch casetoo secondary data can suffice for example, if the research is on the psychology oftranssexuals first it is difficult to find out transsexuals and second they may not be willing togive information you want for your research, so you can collect data from books or otherpublished sources.SOURCES OF SECONDARY DATASecondary data is often readily available. After the expense of electronic media and internetthe availability of secondary data has become much easier.Published Printed SourcesThere are varieties of published printed sources. Their credibility depends on many factors.For example, on the writer, publishing company and time and date when published. Newsources are preferred and old sources should be avoided as new technology and researchesbring new facts into light.BooksBooks are available today on any topic that you want to research. The uses of books start to begin with even you have selected the topic. After selection of topics books provide insight onhow much work has a lready been done on the same topic and you can prepare your literaturereview. Books are secondary source but most authentic one in secondary sources.Journals/periodicalsJournals and periodicals are becoming more important as far as data collection is concerned.The reason is that journals provide up-to-date information which at times books cannot andsecondly, journals can give information on the very specific topic on which you areresearching rather talking more or less more general topics.Magazines/NewspapersMagazines are also effective but not very reliable. Newspaper on the other hand is morereliable and in some cases the information can only be obtained from newspapers as in thecase of some political studies.Published Electronic SourcesAs internet is becoming more advance, fast and accessible to the masses it has been seen thatmuch information that is not available in printed form is available on internet. In the erstwhile(prenominal) thecredibility of internet was questionable but today it is not. The reason is that in the yesteryearjournals and books were seldom published on internet but today almost every journal andbook is available online. Some are free and for others you have to pay the price.E-journalse-journals are more commonly available than printed journals.Latest journals are difficult to retrieve without subscription but if your university has an e-library you can view any journal, print it and those that are not available you can make anorder for them.General Websites Generally websites do not contain very reliable information so theircontent should be checked for the reliability before quoting from them.Weblogs Weblogs are also becoming common. They are actually diaries written by differentpeople. These diaries are as reliable to use as personal written diaries.Unpublished Personal RecordsSome unpublished data may also be useful in some cases.Diaries Diaries are personal records and are rarely available but if you are conducting adescripti ve research then they might be very useful. The Anne Franks daybook is the mostfamous example of this. That diary contained the most accurate records of Nazi wars. Letters Letters like diaries are also a easy source but should be checked for their reliabilitybefore using them.Government RecordsGovernment records are very important for marketing, management, humanities and socialscience research. Census Data/population statistics Health records Educational institutes records Public Sector RecordsNGOs survey data Other private companies recordsADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATAEase of AccessThere are many advantages to using secondary research. This includes the comparative ease ofaccess to many sources of secondary data. In the past secondary data accumulation requiredmarketers to visit libraries, or wait for reports to be shipped by mail. Now with theavailability of online access, secondary research is more openly accessed. This offersconvenience and generally standardise usage method s for all sources of secondary research.Low Cost to AcquireThe use of secondary data has allowed researchers access to valuable information for little orno cost to acquire. Therefore, this information is much less expensive than if the researchershad to carry out the research themselves. clarification of Research QuestionThe use of secondary research may help the researcher to clarify the research question.Secondary research is often used prior to primary research to help clarify the research focus.whitethorn Answer Research QuestionThe use of secondary data collection is often used to help align the focus of large scaleprimary research. When focusing on secondary research, the researcher may realize that theexact information they were looking to uncover is already available through secondarysources. This would effectively eliminate the need and expense to carry out their ownprimary research.May Show Difficulties in Conducting Primary ResearchIn many cases, the originators of second ary research include details of how the informationwas collected. This may include information detailing the procedures used in data collectionand difficulties encountered in conducting the primary research. Therefore, the detaileddifficulties may persuade the researcher to decide that the potential information obtained isnot worth the potential difficulties in conducting the research.DISADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATAQuality of ResearchThere are some disadvantages to using secondary research. The originators of the primaryresearch are largely self-governed and controlled by the marketer. Therefore, the secondaryresearch used must be scrutinized closely since the origins of the information may bequestionable. Moreover, the researcher needs to take sufficient steps to critically evaluate thevalidity and reliability of the information provided.Not Specific to Researchers NeedsIn many cases, secondary data is not presented in a form that exactly meets the researchersneeds. Therefore, the researcher needs to rely on secondary data that is presented andclassified in a way that is similar to their needs.Incomplete InformationIn many cases, researchers find information that appears valuable and promising. Theresearcher may not get the full version of the research to micturate the full value of the study. This is because many research suppliers offer free portions of their research and then chargeexpensive fees for their full reports.Not TimelyWhen using secondary research, one must exercise caution when using dated informationfrom the past. With companies competing in fast changing industries, an out-of-date researchreports many have little or no relevance to the current market situation.EVALUATION OF SECONDARY DATABecause of the above mentioned disadvantages of secondary data, we will lead to evaluation of secondary data. Evaluation means the next four requirements must be satisfied- 1. Availability- It has to be seen that the kind of data you want is available or no t. If it is not available then you have to go for primary data. 2. Relevance- It should be meeting the requirements of the problem. For this we have two criterion- a. Units of measurement should be the same. b. Concepts used must be same and currency of data should not be outdated. 3. Accuracy- In order to find how accurate the data is, the following points must be considered a. Specification and methodology used b. Margin of error should be examined c. The dependability of the source must be seen. 4. Sufficiency- Adequate data should be available.Robert W Joselyn has classified the above discussion into octad steps. These eight steps aresub classified into three categories. He has given a detailed procedure for evaluatingsecondary data. 1. pertinency of research objective. 2. Cost of acquisition. 3. Accuracy of data.CONCLUSIONPrimary research entails the use of immediate data in determining the survival of the market.The popular ways to collect primary data consist of surveys, i nterviews and focus groups,which shows that direct relationship between potential customers and the companies.Whereas secondary research is a means to reprocess and reuse collected information as anindication for betterments of the service or product.Both primary and secondary data are useful for businesses but both may differ from eachother in various aspects.In secondary data, information relates to a past period. Hence, it lacksaptness and therefore, it has unsatisfactory value. Primary data is more accommodating as itshows latest information.Secondary data is obtained from some other organization than the one instantaneouslyinterested with current research project. Secondary data was collected and analyzed by theorganization to summon the requirements of various research objectives. Primary data isaccumulated by the researcher particularly to meet up the research objective of the subsistingproject.Secondary data though old may be the only possible source of the desire data on thesubjects, which cannot have primary data at all.For example, survey reports or secret recordsalready collected by a business group can offer information that cannot be obtained fromoriginal sources.Firm in which secondary data are accumulated and delivered may not accommodate the exactneeds and particular requirements of the current research study. many a time, alteration ormodifications to the exact needs of the investigator may not be sufficient. To that amountusefulness of secondary data will be lost. Primary data is completely tailor-made and there isno problem of adjustments.Secondary data is available effortlessly, rapidly and inexpensively. Primary data takes a lot oftime and the unit cost of such data is comparatively high.Often secondary data have been pre-processed to give totals or averages and the original details are lost so you cant verify it byreplicating the methods used by the original data collectors.In short, primary data are expensive and difficult to acquire, but they are trustworthy.Secondary data are cheap and easy to collect, but must be treated with caution.REFERENCES1. http//www.ianswer4u.com/2012/02/primary-research-advantages- and.htmlixzz2B6ioqOwT 2. http//www.worldbank.org/poverty/impact/methods/datacoll.htm 3. Bryman, A. and E. Bell 2003, Business Research Methods (Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York). 4. Dillman, Don A. Mail and shout out Surveys The Total Design Method. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1978. 5. Galpin, T. The Use of Mail Questionnaires as a Method of Data Collection. (Sept, 1987) 14 of 15