Religious beliefs Essay Example for Free

Religious beliefs EssayIn What Pragmatism Means, crowd together writes that the central insinuate of his own doctrine of truth is, in brief, that truth is one species of good, and not, as is usually supposed, a house distinct from good, and coordinate with it. Truth is the name of whatever proves itself to be good in the way of belief, and good, too, for definite, assignable reasons. Richard Rorty carrys that James did not mean to give a theory of truth with this statement, and that we should not regard it as such though other pragmatism scholars such as Susan Haak and Howard Mounce do not share an participant interpretation of James. Bruce Kuklick, (Kuklick, tells us that, James went on to apply the pragmatic manner to the epistemological problem of truth. He would seek the meaning of true by examining how the idea functioned in our lives. A belief was true, he said, if in the long run it worked for all of us, and guided us expeditiously through our semi-hospitable world . James was anxious to unwrap what true beliefs amounted to in human life, what their Cash Value was, what consequences they led to.A belief was not a mental entity which somehow mysteriously corresponded to an external reality if the belief were true. Beliefs were ways of acting with reference to a precarious environment, and to say they were true was to say they guided us satisfactorily in this environment. In this sensation the pragmatic theory of truth applied Darwinian ideas in philosophy it made survival the testing of intellectual as well as biological fitness. If what was true was what worked, we can scientifically investigate religions claim to truth in the same manner.The enduring quality of religious beliefs throughout recorded history and in all cultures gave indirect support for the view that such beliefs worked. James also argued directly that such beliefs were firmthey enabled us to lead fuller, richer lives and were more viable than their alternatives. Religious beliefs were expedient in human existence, just as scientific beliefs were. William James gave a further direction to pragmatism, developing it as a theory of truth. true up ideas, according to James, are useful leadings they lead through experience in ways that provide consistency, orderliness, and predictability. tail end Dewey was another leading pragmatist whose influence on educational and social theory is still prevalent in American society. We learn from (American Pragmatism I), that James elaborated his theory of pragmatism in works such as Pragmatism A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking (1907) and The kernel of Truth A Sequel to Pragmatism (1909).He considered pragmatism to be both a method for analyzing philosophic problems and a theory of truth. He also saw it as an extension of the empiricist attitude in that it turned away from abstract theory and fixed or absolute principles and toward concrete facts, actions, and relative principles. James considered philosophi es to be expressions of personal temperament and developed a correlation between tough-minded and tender-minded temperaments and empiricist and rationalist positions in philosophy.Theories, he felt, are instruments that humans use to solve problems and should be judged in terms of their cash judge or practical consequences for human conduct.ReferenceAmerican Pragmatism I. Pragmatism. Adventures in Philosophy. James, William. (1902-1920). What is Pragmatism. The library of America. Lecture II Kuklick, Bruce. William James. The Introduction to William Jamess Pragmatism. Wikipedia, The Free Dictionary.

Leadership In Context And The Saf Leadership Doctrine Management Essay

leading In Context And The Saf leading Doctrine Management EssayLeadership have been exposit as the process of influence others, perhaps true to say that leading have become feature of any culture throughout history. It has certainly been an essential quality in all cultures that have survived and flourished. The objective of this consequence is to explain the understanding of lead in the linguistic context of SAF, the SAF leading aptitude model and Framework deportment / Competency / Skill approaches. It will then answered on the ideas or issues to which there ar two things to be examined over the concept or theory and fall outed by the reflection from lesson 1 to 5.What Is LeadershipWhat leadership instrument to me and why it matters in Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF)? Leadership is a responsibility to lead a group or organisation in order to carry out the mission or complete the labor effectively. As an officer in the armed forces, I must(prenominal) be able to inspire the quite a little by showing my character, values of existing fields and possess ingenuous communication. This ability has been cultivated since the arising when I joined the organisation.In Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF), the context is referred to leader and manager. The two approaches argon different, where a leader can be described as a somebody who shows the way, urges and goals, and manager is a person who oversees, supervises, strings and administers2. Therefore to be effective in what we do we must have both skills. As a leader must have vision, being able to communicate that vision and convince our people to follow and to sequester willingly. In addition to that, the core values explain how we as a leaders and managers must act as a use models for our subordinates to follow. It describes how we must behave in order to motivate and guide those for whom we are responsible in RBAF.The SAF Leadership Doctrine (Framework Competency Model)What is remarkable in the SAF Leadership good example is the order of two main forms, namely in the form of triangle and readiness. SAF has developed extensive and purport towards the direction of the third Generation SAF. In the second form of the framework explains the pattern of leadership for the sought after direction. The uniqueness of this framework shake offs pictorial understanding the meaning and thought leadership in the two forms of order. individual(a)ly form has a framework as a distinctive feature descriptions are summarized as followsIn a circle each leader must emphasize affect people with a good understanding of the mission and objectives, operating environment and the want results. Triangle provides a framework to determine the involve for leaders to effective leadership in the SAF. Benefits of this framework create awareness in performing their duties and responsibilities and sleep together where the weaknesses that needs to be improved. For understanding the context of lead ership, the triangle shape consists of four domains which are values, competencies, styles and self. The form of the circle can identify the contextual through three domains, namely the mission and objectives, operating environment and desired outcomes3.This framework is not only expanding the list of ingredients for effective leadership, but also emphasized the unique importance. This context called the SAF Leadership 24-7 as shown in render 14. Every building blocks affect a leader and moving journey through the contacts contained in a circle. Form of this framework can be employ to service Tri and also to the inferior and middle managers. Contextual insight 3 domains have affinity with formula of leadership in the SAF. If either wholeness of the domain is failed, then overall will be unsuccessful.Figure 1. SAF Leadership Framework 24-7Behavioural / Competency / Skill Approaches to LeadershipThe SAF Leadership Competency Model consists of louvre competency domains and 14 ski lls are common to the SAF5. In the skill domains are divided into 3 levels of leadership of different Behaviours Direct, Organizational and strategic. The style approach emphasises the behaviour of the leaders. Style approach is different from trait and skills approaches because it focuses on what leaders do rather than are. There are two primary behaviours which are task behaviours and similarityship behaviours. The task behaviours facilitate goal accomplishment or reach the objectives. Relationship behaviours help subordinates feel well-heeled with themselves, with each other and the situation. The central focus is how leaders combined these two behaviours. Blake Mouton developed a model that described leadership behaviours on a managerial or leadership grid. The basic article of belief is that based on concern for production and concern for people, the leadership style will fall into angiotensin converting enzyme of the 4 quadrants6.By understanding the behaviour that lead s tyle can be seen how you play the role as a leader. The main focus is what leaders do and how they act. As shown in Figure 2, the managerial behaviour is the preferred style reach to operate which is both concern for people and results, and it also weigh the area of environment you operate. However, this style is soft, but production will run smoothly. The behaviour approach requisite a great depth of understanding to study linkage to leadership.Figure 2. The Leadership Grid7What are the going concepts between leadership and management?The terms leadership and management are see otherwise by various people. The biggest difference between managers and leaders is the way they inspire the people who work or follow them. Back to the definition, leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal, whereas management is to exercise managerial, administrative and supervisory direction of a group or administration8. Leadership and management share many similarities. Both leadership and management involve influence, running(a) with people, and working with effective goal management. However, the fields of leadership and management can also be considered very different.To distinguish between leadership and management, a comparison between leadership and management activities is shown in Figure 3. An individual can be a great leader, a great manager, or both, but each area requires the mastery of slightly different skills and competencies.LEADERSHIPMANAGEMENTKEY THEORISTS seek order and stabilitySeeking adaptive and constructive changeKotter (1990)Do the right thingsDo things rightBennis Nanus (1985)Multidirectional relationship rise up mutual purposeUnidirectional relationshipCoordinating activitiesRost (1991)Source Northouse, 2007, p. 9-10Figure 3. Comparison Function of Leadership and ManagementAlthough there is a clear distinction between management and leadership, two roles are overlapping. draw back for example, Ship CO lead the command of the ship for patrol with his crews. When CO takes charge on preparation and controlling, he is come to in management. When CO became manager in influencing the ships crew to achieve their task, he is involved in leadership. Both processes affect the ships crew to achieve the task. Overall, this is depends on the tasking implementn where the CO can take more leadership and less management or vice-versa.Do I want more leadership/management oriented responsibilities?Again taking an example as Ship CO where his leadership whitethorn vary depending on his task and works with his crew. His management function will demand more as to direct after the men including the ship so ship organisation will run efficiently. As shown in Figure 3 above, management is rough seeking order and stability leadership is about seeking adaptive and constructive9. When there is more leadership responsibilities, it required time and concentration of reason for Ship CO that will affect changes on his crew.My specialisation and weaknessBy understanding the leadership in context, more in-depth thought to show that there are weaknesses in my area of leadership. In lesson 1 to 5, can be make a distinction whether my leadership style and leadership effectiveness for this has been achieved or need to be developed. As shown in the diagram on Figure 1 above, the leadership competency framework model, generally through this form of triangle and circle guidance can establish from one of 4 building blocks. The understanding of military leadership and the difference between management, leadership and command give an overview and their relationship to my reflection. During this course, the main focus is to look and think into my Personal Mastery and Self. On top of that, the 5 competency domains and 14 skill domains can be taken as education knowledge.The MBTI tool is described about the preferences to distinguish my type of personality whether the function of judging (thinking and feeling) and perceiving functions (sensing Intuition). My profile obtained was based on ENTJ (Direct Decide), strength of character that helped me through character Extraversion and Thinking. However, to assist on my weakness parts, I need to look into Introversion which several of this type should appreciate deep thinking methodology and understanding the logic.Meanwhile, IDAP methods provide weighty feedback to guide me towards achieving the desired direction. From short to long term goal that measure my success. Strength and weakness of the evidence provided will develop and improve my weakness area with the help of coaching method. Interviews were conducted with the Directing Staff to label my IDAP. To achieve my goal is to do a reflection on my strength and weakness and taking the feedback positively. shoemakers lastThe essay has explained on my understanding on leadership in context and the important of it in relation to RBAF. The SAF Leadership Fr amework competency which has a unique to SAF and the Behavioural / Competency / Skill approaches to leadership give more thought on style approach and competency domain which is common to SAF. To elaborate further, it discussed the difference between leadership and management and their responsibilities. As a manager and a leader both roles are significant by having their style approach towards the task. Overall my reflection on the lesson 1 5, has significantly circularise my awareness especially the tools (MBTI and IDAP) which will further improve my leadership knowledge during this course.

Bullying in Nursing and Horizontal Violence

Bullying in Nursing and Horizontal ViolenceAnsamma JosephIntroduction-3 element 131.1 Horizontal furiousness and bullying in treat-.3SUB TOPIC.51.2 troubled behaviour -..51.2.1 enormousness of show of dissolute behaviour-..6PART 272.1 Purpose of the expression-..72.2 Arguments and ideas presented by the authors-.82.3 The tonus and value of the article-.82.4 Brief reflection of using sources-92.5 Conclusion-9References..10Introduction-The topic is based on the most vital issues approach by the health cargon settings in relation to employee caution and relationships. In the field of nursing practice, flat violence and bullying in health c atomic number 18 organizations is the areas under look at in this assignment. In health care centres, the distri simplyion of power whitethorn non be appropriate, the preponderant socialisation and organizational structure may not favour positive employee bonding. Nurses may be subject to violence such as insult, abuse, vile treatmen t and rude behaviour from the senior staff members, doctors or by management. Generall(a)y think abouts prefer not to kick back against the seniors, and even after complaint they do not relieve oneself appropriate solution. So the situation is very worse now a day. In context of horizontal violence and bullying, the current study pull up stakes extensively focus on lush behaviour towards nurses.PART 11.1 Horizontal violence and bullying in nursing-Horizontal violence is the violence do by same level of employees arguing. In a health care organisation when a nurse ab employ physically, verbally or emotionally by the senior nurses, it is called horizontal violence. There are some(prenominal) reasons of creating horizontal violence in health care setting those are sabotage, verbal affront, withholding information, infighting, backstabbing, and unsuccessful person to respect privacy, non-verbal innuendo, undermining activities and broken confidence (Bartholomew, 2006).Reason of Horizontal ViolenceSabotage oral AffrontInfightingNon Verbal InnuendoUndermining ActivitiesBack StabbingWithholding InformationFailure to Respect PrivacyBroken boldnessFigure 1- Reasons for horizontal violence(Bartholomew, 2006 p-86)Bullying in nursing is occur when the senior nurses or senior doctors misuse their power and does insulting behaviour to nurses. In present time bullying is way out on continuously and systematically. The nursing supervisor and senior doctors are bullying by offensive abusive, scare to the staff nurses. As the nurses dont have more power so, they great dealt declare anything to their seniors.Now a day the nurses complain against the horizontal violence and bulling. harmonise to statistics 48% nurse complain for verbal abuses whereas 43% complain about threaten (www.aorn.org/PracticeResources).Horizontal violence and bullying disadvantageously advert the staff nurses because through horizontal violence and bullying the nurses exhausted mentally a nd physically and feel threaten, humiliate, override and this situation break the nurses self confidence. Gradually the nurses feel sick by tolerating these types of behaviour. According to the Longo (2007) because of anger, depression, model pressure, insomnia, change magnitude stress, anxiety, and loneliness are accountable for this bullying. Not only for the senior staff, referable to organisational structure and culture may nurses feel stress. Inadequate training, less salary, toxic environment in like manner lines the nurses in trouble.In the course of horizontal violence and bullying the work place or the health care setting is likewise ill affect as the nurses are very upset so they cant furnish advantageously services. The service feeling is decreasing due to over time and bad work environment. The stressful nurses are showing their angry on the unhurrieds and the patients may dissatisfy with their behaviour.SUB TOPIC1.2 turbulent behaviour Disruptive behaviou r is mostly unemotional behaviour done by an individual or a radical to other person. In a health care organisation when the senior nurses rudely and roughly deport with staff nurses then it is also called disruptive behaviour. These types of behaviour have badly impact on the deed of the staff nurses. As the nurses belong from health care organisation so they should maintain the culture of safety, but because of disruptive behaviour the nurses cannot maintain the culture of safety. In an organisation all the members maintain a swell communication by which the staff can provide best services, but as the nurses are tonic so they are not able to serve good care. According to Hughes (2009), this disorderly behaviour involves in verbal communication so the nurses are easily made harsh. Most of the nurses lost their interest in work, increase the rate of absenteeism and also dont want to sustain in the organisation.Element of DisruptivebehaviourMisbehaviour by PhysicianSupervising N ursePatients and their FamilyFigure 2 Element of disruptive behaviour(Hughes, 2009, p-35)1.2.1 Importance of study of disruptive behavior-It is important to study the disruptive behaviour and also must recognize the reason behind disruptiveness. Only the study can form the solution of this problem. Nurses are most important factor in a health care setting, because they provide the services cerebrate they take care the patients. If the nurses are not mentally and physically stable so they can provide proper services to the patients. In the course of study of disruptive behaviour the organisation may lie with the reason behind the disruptive behaviour and they can take effective decision to avoid this (www.aacn.nche.edu/Media/FactSheets/NursingShortage.htm). According to Hutchinson (2010) in a health care organisation if the organisational management identify the appropriate reason of disruptiveness and give the proper solution, then the patients bum proper take care from the nur ses and it also possible to decrease the bare(a) rate of nurses from the organisation. The staff nurses get facilities because of good work environment and they will able to maintain the culture of safety.Effect of Disruptive BehaviourAffected entire OrganizationAbsenteeism and Redundant of NursesPatients affected due poor ServicesFigure 3 Effect of disruptive behaviour(Hutchinson, 2010, p-180)PART 22.1 Purpose of the article-In contemporary scenario horizontal violence and bullying is creating worse situation not only in health care organisation, in every organisation. Due to horizontal violence and bullying the employees are behaving badly and humiliate to same level employees or trim level employees. This situation is creation a worse work culture in the organisation. As the nurses are belonging from health care organisation so by lateral violence and bulling patients are more affected. The nurses get upset with continuous humiliation (Knopper, 2009). They cant serve in proper way. This situation is badly affecting the reputation of the organisation.The research worker had chosen this article because recognizing its importance. In everyday brio every person needs the health care organisation and if the employees of health care organisation is not provide proper services then the patient will badly affected. Apart from that this problem is now shown in most of the health care organisation. So the organisational management has to take decision very fast to avoid this bad behaviour by which they create a good and flexible work environment for the nurses and the nurses provide proper services. The organisational management incorporates the reason from the study, so this study is most important.2.2 Arguments and ideas presented by the authors-In contemporary situation as the lateral violence and bullying is photosensitive issue so several authors had researched on this topic to identify the actual reason. According to Stowkowski (2008) organisational staf fs are the main reason of violence and bulling, because several nurses have poor moral and value in their personal life and the nurses are used those values in professional place so they badly behave with their staffs. Whereas Simmons (2008) argued that all senior nurses are not bad in nature. Excess work pressure and stress make the nurses annoyed and anxiety and for that reason when they will communicate with their staffs it is affected. Insomnia is one of the big reasons of making anxiety of disruptive behaviour.Randle (2007) opined that the mendelevium, the patient and the family of the patients are also responsible of lateral violence and bullying. Most of the cases the physician abuse to the administrate nurse and they show their anger to staff nurses. Apart from that the patients and their family also misbehave with the nurses and most of the nurses cant express in front of them. In this situation they feel humiliation and increase absenteeism and redundant. According to Kn opper (2009) the physician does miscommunication with the nurses when they go to them for clarify medication prescription.On the other hand according to Hughes, (2009) the organisation is also responsible for bullying and lateral violence. The organisation paid less salary, demand over time job from the nurses due to less employee recruitment. For those reason the nurses also feel anxiety and result is horizontal violence and bullying, where the author Bartholomew (2006) also add the backstabbing, verbal affront, infighting between the employees, and personal problem also the reason of horizontal violence and bulling.2.3 The quality and value of the article-The overall data used in the topic is up to date and not vague. The information is not manipulated. As this is used for academic purpose not for commercial purpose the police detective used all up to date sources. To make a good and valuable assignment the tecs used secondary data collection method and collect effective informat ion from those data. These information help to the researcher to understand the topic and the reason related to the topic.2.4 Brief reflection of using sources-During the time of researching the researcher had faced several problems. Most of the nurses can reveal their problem to other as they have chance to lower out of job from the organisation. The nurses also dont want to complain against senior nurses and physician. From the research the researcher also gain lots of social issues. The powerful person always gets more facilities comparing to lower level staff. In a health organisation most important factor is strong work environment and maintaining culture of safety.2.5 Conclusion-From the above topic it is conclude that horizontal violence and bulling in nursing is a big issue that makes a critical situation in health care organisation. The physician, patient and their family, supervising nurses are behave very bad and humiliate to the staff nurses most of the time. This is th e reason the nurses get upset and also feel annoyed and anxiety and gradually it increase the rate of absenteeism and redundant.Reference-American Association of Colleges of Nurses (2007, October), Nursing Shortage, Retrieved December 4, 2007, from http//www.aacn.nche.edu/Media/FactSheets/NursingShortage.htm.AORN, (2006), Creating a Patient Safety Culture. Retrieved January 7, 2008, from http//www.aorn.org/PracticeResources/AORNPositionStatements/Position_Creating a Patient Safety Culture.Bartholomew, K. (2006). death nurse-to nurse hostility, Marblehead, MA 01945 HCPRO, Inc.Hughes, N. (2009). Bullies in health care beware. American Nurse Today. 3(6), 35.Hutchinson,M., Wilkes, L.,Jackson,D., Vickers, M. (2010), Integrating individual, work root and organizational factors Testing a multidimensional model of bullying in the nursing work. journal of Nursing Management, 18(2), 173-181.Knopper, M. (2009), Putting a stop to medical road rage. Clinician Reviews, 19(1), 8.Longo, J., She rman, R. O. (2007), levelling horizontal violence, Nursing Management, 38(3), 34- 37, 50, 51.Randle, J., Stevenson,K., Grayling L. (2007), Reducing workplace bullying inhealthcare organizations. Nursing Standard, 21(22), 49-56.Stowkowski,L.(2008), A callto endbullying in theworkplace, Advancesin Neonatal Care, 8(5), 252-253.Simmons,S.(2008) Workplace bullying experiencedby Massachusetts registered nurses and the relationship to intention to leave the organization, Advances in Nursing Science 31(2), E48 E59.1

The Theme Of Alienation Loneliness And Selfhood English Literature Essay

The Theme Of Alienation Loneliness And Selfhood English Literature EssayIn Krapps last memorialize, Krapp systematically distanced himself from companionship and applaud of other pot. When Krapp was twenty nine years sr., he lived with a woman named Bianca, whose love he later described as a hopeless business despite the fact that she rattling loved him and possessed very warm eyes that always seemed to impress him (Beckett 54). After the death of his bring when Krapp was only thirty nine, he felt that life had lost meaning. This is evident from the words he utter to his new love that it was hopeless and t here was nothing positive about life. He rejected his sports fan and completely lived alone from this time onwards, although he was sometimes visited by Fanny, who was a bony old obsess of whore (Beckett 98). At the age of sixty nine, Krapp was only accompanied by his forlornness during his birthday celebration, whereby he spent the day in a pub deeply occupied by heavy models of his late(prenominal) life and his lost chance for love and fulfilled life (Beckett 67).Krapps last tape is a crusade statement of a mans predicament as a prisoner of time. He preserved the worst for himself and threw the high hat out-of-door by rejecting love of others. At the age of sixty nine, the only thing he could do was to play a tape he do when he was thirty nine, reminding him of the last love that he rejected when he still had potential for happiness in life (Beckett 89).Krapp was a lonely man, whose closing off was self inflicted. He viewed women as bad influence and valued his cargoner as a generator more than any human companionship or relationship. He confessed that he could not withstand the thought of his early career as a writer creation interfered with by women and love (Beckett 89).Krapp chose a tape recorder to be his sole companionship. He seemed to find comfort in recorded instance, which he reliably listened to, charge in old age. However, although Krapp lived manage he did not need anyones company, he seems to have been within desperate to have someone to engage in a conversation. He make uptually discovered that he had made a terrible mistake by forsaking the equilibrium of humanity (Beckett 130). Loneliness, selfishness and selfhood are understandably illustrated throughout Krapps character and way of life. He never found satisfaction in life even after selfishly living a lonely life that he had chosen to live and he realized that the selfhood that he had discovered had truly misled him. He realized that he needed other people and the rest of the world in order to be fulfilled but it was already too late.In Kate Chopins story of an hour, Mrs. mallard went through feelings of relief as soon as she received the bad news show of her husbands death, which was said to have occurred in a train accident. Although at first she was sorrowful and confused by the news of her husbands death, she was suddenly relieved by the thought of being free from marriage and slavery of love. She knew that no amount of love and security could pay the lack of control over her own existence (Chopins 194).Mrs. Mallard seemed to have been controlled by society, pretending to be happy and fulfilled in her marriage. As molded by the society, she appeared to be a perfect wife, who en happinessed companionship of her husband and loved being a wife. She suppressed her certain selfhood and sacrificed her delight to please the society, pretending to be happily married. As expressed in her reaction and respire of relief when she heard the news of her husbands death, it is quite evident that she had always inwardly struggled with her marriage to Mr. Bently Mallard, that was dominated by male chauvinism. Feminism shown through independence upon her husbands death explains her happiness and relief to be alone, free from duress of marriage and love (Chopin 193).Her own feelings of freedom came back possessing her when she first uttered the words free, free In this story, Mrs. Mallard is described as a woman who had forgotten and abandoned herself throughout the entire degree of marriage to her husband. The husband is described as being happy with the marriage, despite the fact that Mrs. Mallard was not happy and inwardly viewed the marriage as slavery. Her emotions had been stiffled and and suppressed to fit into hollow social conventions of the society. She was the submissive woman, who believed that her husband had a right to impose his will on her (Jamil 216). However, she suddenly gained control over herself after discovering that she had been fructify free from bondage of marriage and slavery of love by the death of her husband. She embraced visions of a bright future and realized that whether she had loved him or not was not important anymore, all what was important to her now was the possession of self assertion that she experienced after his death. (Choppin 193, 194). This was the ninetee nth century American womans hour of awakening into selfhood, which gives her immesurable joy and beauty of life. (Jamil 215). Her happiness after discovery of her selfhood was so strong that when she realized that her husband was not dead, she nowadays collapsed. She could not imagine how she was going to abandon her new found freedom and return to life with her husband, where she would be required to bend her will to his. Mrs. Mallard preferred to live alone, without her husband because that meant freedom to her just ilk Mr. Krapp chose to live alone and viewed women and love as a hopeless business. To him, they would interfere with his freedom of pursuing his create verbally career, while to Mrs. Mallard, the presence of her husband was a permanent bondage to slavery that had taken away her freedom and selfhood.The story of a sorrowful woman by Gail Godwin depicts a wife and a mother who bit by bit withdrew from her family after becoming overwhelmed by her husbands and chelas presence and completely shut them out of her life. Their presence was a occasional reminder of the fact that she had lost her freedom as well as her self- identity and her life would never be the same again (Godwin 78). She wanted her freedom and her self -identity back. She wanted to stay away from her husband, her child and the rest of the community and live a lonely life because to her that would be more fulfilling, just like Mr. Krapp. She viewed marriage as a source of inconvenience oneself, that had taken away her identity, her selfhood and her freedom. She further wanted to stay away from the society that advocated for marriage and therefore decided to live a lonely life. However, what she considered as freedom and selfhood did not give her the fulfillment that she had longed to have.Her dissatisfaction with her role as a mother and a dutiful wife made her to try many other alternatives in life but she did not find satisfaction in any of the options that she tried out. She did not find any particular role that could suit her and therefore she stop up withdrawing from the rest of the world. This is illustrated by the coldness and isolation of the undecorated white room that she moved into. She even pictured herself as a virgin in a tower, untouchable and profoundly isolated (Goldwin 117). This shows that she had not only isolated herself physically from her family and the rest of the world but also emotionally thus fashioning herself an outsider looking in on the world. She viewed her family as source of bondage, slavery and dissatisfaction in life. However, isolating herself from the rest of the society did not give her any satisfaction like she had expected. She only ended up being a lonely woman, both physically and emotionally.The theme of alienation, selfhood and loneliness cut across the trinity stories discussed. The three main characters in the stories viewed family as a source of bondage, limitations and dissatisfaction in life. It is demo ed as a pattern of slavery that would tie women and men to their families and take away their freedom as well as their selfhood. These stories portray traditional marriages whereby women are supposed to be submissive to their husbands and be good home makers as unfulfilling and undermining to women. The women discussed here are seemingly tired of living under bondage and slavery of their husbands and the entire society and are looking for liberation and freedom. They want to rediscover themselves and find more fulfilling roles that define them and give them a voice as useful members of the society. They can no longer stand the idea of being dominated by society as well as by their husbands as clearly observed when Mrs. Mallard collapsed on discovering the truth that her husband was truly alive and not dead as it had been reported.On the other get to freedom in these stories is categorically accompanied by loneliness and lack of fulfillment as envisioned by Krapp and Godwin. The w oman in Godwins story did not find any satisfaction in her loneliness after abandoning her family and the society at large. Her freedom brought more emotional and physical dissatisfaction as she tried to rediscover herself and even to assign her new roles, which only tormented her mental and emotionally, causing even more pain to her life.After spending all his life alone with the tape recorder as his sole companion, Krapp eventually came to his senses and realized that he had actually ruined his own life because he was lonely and desperate for companion. He realized that listening to the tape recorder alone could not give him the delight and the fulfillment that he had longed to have in his entire life. However, it was already too late as he was already an old man.

Mubai Flooding Case Study Environmental Sciences Essay

Mubai implosion therapy Case Study Environmental Sciences EssayThe tubepolis of Mumbai that include suburbs and metropolis region of Mumbai stock 39.1 inch (994mm) pelting in undivided solar day on twenty-sixth July 2005. This is a case of inseparable accident in a single metro city where in gourmandize shoes happened beca engagement of ponderous on spot rain piddle and not beca design of typical reasons of violent stream in some(prenominal) bea imputable to everywhere gormandiseing of rivers. ack straightawayledgment of selection of caseThis case is selected because it is being a violent stream function in commercial capital of India which is claimed to be progressing toward becoming city uniform shanghai in terms of infrastructure and facilities. The financial capital of India magnanimous from 10 lakhs to 128 lakhs of population in a decennium but the placement waterways, drains, rivers pick out not been upgraded and updated accordingly. In Mumbai water log ging is a decade old problem and we argon accustomed to it. In 21st ampere-second e precise year on an come 5 days be lost when educational institutions and offices (Mumbai is the financial capital of India) re principal(prenominal) shutting due to heavy rain and flooding during monsoon.The severity of 26th July2005 heavy rainfall and water logging was the attitude when thousands of people died, lakhs were injured and uncountable were abnormal economically and physically. It raises the conterminous need for execution from multiple agencies. It pass aways chance to analyse extremity prepargondness of giving medication agencies, private bodies, NGOs and individual.To solve the problem various forums and agencies atomic digit 18 continuously talking since 1991,but till now nothing has happened as primordial and argona government down not allotted sufficient capital to materialize the issue even after the shocking import of 26th July 2005.During water logging and floodi ng substantial amount of dam upage caused. interrupt transportation cause hampering of economic and financial activities. This hurt industry and dish up sector tremendously .GDP and GNP growth of soil rises to 8.5% where Mumbai growth rank falls 2.1%.Mumbai loses more than 800 crore rupees due to this problem. 3000 crore rupees treated as capital investment. Mumbai has give 80,000crore rupees as revenue to government of India in the year 2005-06 and 22,000 crore rupees earned by government of Maharashtra as duties, taxes, cess in the same year.Objectives of Case StudyThe allurement of info cerebrate to damage to human life and assets by this flood. magisterial compilation of germane(predicate) info to come to the stage of making action mechanism plans, policies and procedures for removing water logging and flooding in Mumbai.To identify promoters responsible for 26 July 2005 flood in Mumbai.Lessons we learn from this tragedy and efforts we atomic number 18 doing to re duce such(prenominal) chances in future. contractments of an efficient methodology which is economical, easy to interpret by charts and chromosome mappings cerebrate to such severe situation very rapidly and start responding fondly. refresh of lock done so far on this issue.Area at a busteder place studyAreas badly affected by floodLower split of Southern MumbaiSea shore argonas of Western MumbaiDensely populated areas of cardinal crashs of MumbaiLower area of Kurla and KalinaRoads and Railways were badly affected by this flood.Responsible reasonsThe sewage organisation of Mumbai commode carry only 25 millimeters of rain water per hour which was extremely inadequate when rainfall was 994 mm. The waste holler transcription was clogged at several places.Heavy rain and senior nobleschool school tide time was same that day due to which 103 outlet supply that connected drains that instantaneously open to ocean breed overflowed. The situation became worsened because drainages were not clean and filled with garbage that blocked the outflow of rain water and it got accumulated on the roads.The severity of situation worsened because warning about heavy rainfall and gritty tide was not given over on time on Radio and Television stations by the civic agencies.The Meteorological department was not having sophisticated weather radars which give the axe give 3 hour prior warning.Massive encroachment on mouth of major nallas and heavy diversions and encroachment of Mithi and other rivers acted as plosive speech sound to rain water running towards river.Development by MMRDA (Mumbai Metropolitan domain Development Authority) without proper environmental clearance growe the pressure on existing drainage system which is already poor and old fashionOld fashioned and poor drainage system.Bandra Kurla complex which is constructed by replace swampy areas the Environment Ministry of the Government of India was in make about its potential adventure and appeal not to sanction it but no action has been interpreted on time.Destruction of mangroves ecosystem for construction and encroachment. This ecosystem exists on the Mithi River and Mahim Creek. This swampy area acts as a buffer amongst kill and sea. Sewage and garbage fling have too destroyed mangroves. The closely acclaimed Mindspace (INORBIT MALL) in Goregaon Malad has been built by destroying a large patch of Mangrooves in Maharashtra.1 http//mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/Flood/statusreport.pdfRecorded data from government officesParameterRecorded lossActual loss merciful life loss10942500Spoilt Rickshaw25000370000Taxis damage32504000BEST Buses Damaged745900Trucks and tempo grounded690010000Local Trains damaged4352 cooking expectation from governmentLoopholes in livelyness in actual systemClean and clear drainageHousehold waste filled drainages give major nallas and river banks20 Active out flow supply unless 4 working channel gates1000 trained volunteers for quick r eactionAp stayed procedure and training is pendingResult and Recommendations strategical PlanningFirst is the requirement of suitable methods to make finales when criteria to choose are too many.In makeup Analysis System (IAS) A process that systematically ingress, integrate and analyze the information fragmented in various dependents and fencesitter variables by arranging them in proper hierarchy.To present a raw(a) method of calculating risk luck of flood hazard by analyzing data ga thered from census, belt down use mapping, geomorphic details of land cover. employ the above analyzed and unified data in software the likes of GIS for Hazard mapping. This flood vulnerability risk probability go away give the probability of being flooded when certain aim of rainfall materialize as strong as other finish factors of different aim and sub factors are also present like high tide, maintain of active water gates from sea. It go out also suggest methods to stamp out some fi nale factors or level of sub factors at inhibit time so that loss of life and assets can be reduced.To fancy flood vulnerability probability (FVP) there are set of indigenous data collected from topographic maps, population data of the regional divisions of Mumbai, atlas Thematic Mapping Organization (NATMO), and Statistical Offices respectively.The FVP is calculated for possible inundate areas of Mumbai.FVP is divided into five category very low, low, medium, high and very high. The categories are ground on histogram distribution and the Flood Hazard Maps. Higher the FVP, high the risk of inundation and water logging threat. The flood hazard map presents relevant and accurate analysis through GIS environment.Flood vulnerability probability (FVP)FVP= (Pab-RIWab)RIWabjWhere, FVP = Flood vulnerability probabilityPab = probability of level a of conclusion factor b,RIWab = relative grandness weight of level a decision factor b.RIW abj = relative splendour weight of sub-factor j of level a decision factor b.LevelDecision factorSub factorOverflowed nallahasBlocked nallahasDistance from connecting nallahasLow lying areaLower than average standard of low lying above sea level(ASL)Distance from seaHigh tideOutfalls are narrow sizedRainfall unprocurable pumping facilityFlood mapping and districtFlood hazard zoning pull up stakes help in regulating flood hazard areas background the loss of life and assets in future.Flood sleep withment and nurse will help in land planning, controlling and trouble of water that is a scarce resource. Water needed areas of the countries will get benefitted when flood water will diverted to these areas through proper channeling. Economy of India will die to prosperity when agricultural land and densely populated areas will get sufficient water for farming and drinking drain positioning creation of Mumbai has risen by 60% in last 25 years. Migration to Mumbai is the main cause of increase in population. This caused pressure on existing land for ho exploitation and infrastructure and resulted in encroachment of land, Nallas, and Mithi river and other river banks and on drainage system. Drainage modeling requiresEmphasis on proper land use planningThis is the best method for achieving the goal of Freeing Mumbai from Flood. It requires systematic data collection on the work done in this area and them compiling relevant data to make an action plan. After discussing plan of action with come to authorities testing it in small area , if it work effectively then apply it in all areas of Mumbai in var.s. Mumbai suffers from flood situation when there is heavy rain (or not so heavy rain) and the water does not dispose off in reasonable time. The good known reasons are increasing population, scarcity of land, use of no phylogeny zones, without increasing depicted object of nallahs constructions are done there, diversion of Mithi river to make airport, disappearing of small lakes and ponds increase in slums whose waste directly goes in water ways.Flood in every monsoon season is become severe in low lying areas of Mumbai which become more dangerous in high tide situation because nallahs width in those areas in narrow and inherent drainage is restricted due to new receivements like in SV road and LBS marg. The present drainage system in the city consists of underground single water drainages discharging into the sea through short outfalls. The present drainage system in the suburban areas consists of brooks so rainwater runoff towards there. A system of open surface drain consists here. Massive infrastructure development along with cementing of roads and increasing their heights effects water absorbing cogency. To make haste projects that could curb flooding in Mumbai, finance minister Pranab Mukherjee increased the apportioning for the Brihanmumbai storm water drain (Brimstowad) project in the current fiscal year from Rs200 crore, earmarked during the interim budget, to Rs500 cro re (source DNA ).The project will help the BMC increase the water retention capacity of existing storm water drains. A fact-finding committee appointed to look into reasons for the July 26, 2005, deluge had suggested this as an immediate measure. The Manmohan Singh government, which was at the helm even then, had then agreed to completely gillyflower the Rs1, 200-crore project.Statistics of Mumbais drainage system ne tworkLength of nallahs and drainTypeIsland cityEastern suburbWestern SuburbTotalMajor Nallah(km) comprehensiveness 1.5m990101200Minor nallah(km)Width216642129Drain (km)594051clRoad side open drain2066912971986Closed pipe drain4433686565No. of water entrances27893609170630208System of rainfall disposal in MumbaiOutfallIsland cityEastern suburbWestern suburbTotalDischarge inArabian sea10729136Mahim creek481426Mahul creek4610Thane creek1414Total186Outfalls which are on a lower floor sea level are 45, outfalls which are above sea level but below high tide level are one h undred thirty-five and outfalls above high tide levels are 6.Maintenance of natural drainageThere are many natural drainage in Mumbai. Maintaining them is also one efficient method to reduce emergencies like 26th July 2005 flood.Tulsi lake Its dam have 2 spillways which discharge into Dahisar river and Vihar lake.Vihar lake Its spillways discharge into Mithi river.Powai lake Its discharge also meets Mithi riverMahul and Vakola lake, two branches of Mithi River which were existed till 1976 in the map of Mumbai now disappeared on the cost of development. ontogeny a new action plan for these holding rivers by developing new drain in city and suburbs, and installing new gates and pumping stations is under progress. perplexity of topical anaesthetic disposal and waste integrity effective and sustainable solution is to use efficient, cost effective and machine-driven waste collection and processing technology specifically in metro cities is using effective piping system like shown belo w sort 5. Management of topical anaesthetic anesthetic anesthetic disposal and wasteCAD software gives an integrated drainage design suite that facilitates engineers with powerful but easy to use system convert digital surveyed data into a detailed digital model on ground very quickly. The model can be used to design roadmaps, their alignments and design drainage system, long-sections and sink in-sections with the help of CAD software. These ground models can be used for many other applications like land fill management, mineral extraction. Modified Rational Method used for Drainage designs and Foul drainage entanglements and can be tested for flood conditions using a Powerful Simulation module. Typical flood prevention methods and techniques with sustainable systems such as ingress pavements, paver blocks, parkings and pedestrian walkways shall be used.Research undertaken to come across local anesthetic governments capacity to manage convalescence activities after Mumbai 26t h July 2005 flood has shown that their overall performance in conclusion is, in-consistent and problematic(Mehta Report 2006). The reason was omit of resources and poor planning (K B Singh et al. 2007) the difficulty local officials faced was overleap of proper planning between pre and post fortuity period pick dependence on the state government lack of adequate meter of professionalized staff poor leadership and bureaucratic and legal constraints and the lack of consciousness among powerful citizen and business groups that overshadow local government officials efforts. The locally based reconstructive memory efforts, such as aid that does not meet the postulate of the victims and the possibility to delegate all responsibility on local necessitatement. On the basis of a study of the recuperation processes after the flood of 26 July 2005 in Mumbai, public opinion clearly indicates that government jurisdictions, in particular local governments, have little guidance to direc t their recovery activities.Overcoming recovery execution of instrument problemsIs it possible to overcome the problem of local government capacity to manage the fortuity recovery process? Researchers showed successful local recovery by communities at their own level. I studied 14 municipal Wards (Chembur, Malad, Borivali, Juhu, Goregaon,Vile Parle, Mahalaxmi, Kurla, Bandra, Kandivali, Tardeo, Sion, Matunga, Wadala) recovery processes and found that the speed and quality of recovery appeared . That was the function of three factors (1) nut-bearing intergovernmental relationships, (2) effective competition for scarce resources, and (3) effective management of CBO decision making. Pre disaster planning was not there because nobody at authority level had imagined such terrific flood situation so post flood recovery was slow and unsatisfactory, which encouraged communities in these wards to organize processes for more apropos and efficient action at their own level, clarify key rec overy component parts and responsibilities, identify and secure nancing, and avoid repetition of such emergencies again in future. Many plans are difcult to implement they at least reap our attention to some outstanding features of the recovery process. In particular, they highlight the importance of collective action involving multiple organizations-from some(prenominal) the public and private sectors-which cross governmental jurisdictions.One promising nding from the fate preparedness recovery plans comes from an judgement of the Mumbais roads, railways, drainage system, waste disposal system, municipality proactiveness in future. The citizens and local ofcials improvised a successful adaptive strategy that should implemented in the city directly for managing the recovery process.Inter and intra-community network and the local recovery processI found that the grad of consolidation among organizations that comprise the emergency repartee network prior to flood in Mumbai is a reliable predictor of quickness and response effectiveness in future. In this regard I conveyed the intellect to the Disaster Research Center, the stronger and more well dened the inter-organizational linkages are prior to an event, the seamless subsequent rescue associate activities will go. CBO preparedness is synonymous to Emergency preparedness which requires response effectiveness, and strong structural inter-organizational relations.The role of self-evident natural networks and self-organization in emergency preparedness is necessary and required very much. After 5 years Wards of Mumbai are very considerable in their capacity to respond to 26th July 2005 character emergencies. Emergency groups are now aware about recovery and service processes. This is a particularly important problem in the reconstruction and recovery phase, where competition over resources and CBO redevelopment goals often replaces the immediate post event spirit of cooperation.Conceptual model o f the local recovery processThe response phase of emergency management of flood like situations in Mumbai, some of the lessons learned in that setting whitethorn be transferable to the recovery and reconstruction phases. A innovation of studies suggesting that the capacity of citizens and organizations problematical in recovery to adapt to changing conditions is high and inter-organizational aid delivery systems are more capable of meeting the inevitably and capacities of disaster stricken citizens when intra-CBO and inter-governmental ties are strong.The importance of three key variables related to CBO problem-solving capacity plane consolidation, vertical integrating, and network centralisation. Horizontal integration refers to relations among the individuals and organizations within a community. Thus, a CBO with a high degree of plain integration is rememberd by a tightly knit accessible network with relatively equal power distributions and features frequent, sustained interactions and communications. Conversely, communities with a low degree of plain integration have a weakly knit well-disposed fabric. Vertical integration de-scribes a CBOs relations with extra CBO systems. A CBOs ties with large political, social, and economic institutions may explain resource and information transfers and inuence the bound to which these institutions are dependent on their environment.Network centralization refers to the power and control structure of the network, and whether network links and activities are organized around any particular one or small group of organizations. Integration and centralization are important complementary measures. Integration is a measure of the finis to which organizations in a system are interconnected centralization describes the consummation to which horizontal and vertical cohesion is organized around particular focal points.Horizontal and Vertical Integration and the Role of Focal OrganizationsThe potential relationshi ps between horizontal and vertical integration and depicts four pillowcases of communities. The dominant recovery strategies that characterize each type of CBO. A type I CBO is ideally meet for an effective recovery effort. Communities of this type have well-developed ties to external resources and programs as well as viable horizontal networks that enable it to exert inuence over CBO recovery activities. Such type of communities rely on preexisting stores of social capacity and cohesion are formed in Mumbai they are demonstrate self-organizing behavior.CBO types by degree of horizontal and vertical integration and disaster recovery strategies. Horizontal integration was high owing to the high degree of bet in and experience with political activities on the part of the citizen ship. The local government develops new partnerships and capabilities with its citizens. A cooperative association of households known as the area Survival Network (NSN) was established to facilitate citi zen self-help in future disasters. The high degree of horizontal integration butterflyed a vital role in aiding overlooked minority and low-income populations in rural mountain neighborhoods and in providing a basis for increasing vertical integration. The central Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) utilized the well-established ties developed by the NSN to assess needs and make do assistance. Emergency experienced by the people of Mumbai that day stimulated local horizontal integration. Subsequently, local problem-solving capacity was expanded by vertical integration between federal embossment efforts and local CBO organizations.A type II CBO is an autonomous, relatively isolated CBO with few vertical ties. These types of communities are also formed in Mumbai they have viable horizontal social networks they suffer from a lack of knowledge about and interaction with important external resources. Communities of this type will learn a strategy of cooperation with potential resource s providers, such as the state or federal government. In type II CBO they have a highly active network of, social clubs, and CBO groups. Owing to the high degree of horizontal integration, the CBO rapidly mobilized its limited resources to set up elimination centers, provide food and safe drinking water, and establish communication channel to disseminate recovery information. But the scale of the disaster, coupled with the inexperience of local public officials with central governmental disaster aid programs. The city received assurances from FEMA that they would be helped every step of the way. Corruption and bureaucracy is a part our system that had eaten up a large share of the relief package. despite the public pleadings of civic leaders, governments aid was delayed for several weeks. Meanwhile, people sight that the governments monies would cover only a small portion of the damages.A type III CBO is in a classic state of dependency. They also involved in number in Mumbai la cking a viable horizontal network, it is less likely to take into account local needs, concerns, or determine in the recovery effort. A type III CBO does have the returns of strong vertical ties and carry to facilitate the delivery external aid. They have disproportionate share of disaster-related resources are allocated by the central government. These types of communities will adopt a dual strategy of recovery. Because horizontal cohesion is weak, local polity makers must engage in a strategy based on the cooptation of important constituencies within the CBO. However, owing to strong vertical linkages, these communities will be able to make claims on external resources. In Mumbai such communities are politically powerful communities can rotate normal relief channels and, in effect, coerce the central government into providing massive aid.Overall horizontal integration in such communities is low. Its vertical ties, particularly with corporators and relief and emergency managem ent agencies, are quite strong. As a consequence, these type of communities bypass many of the intergovernmental aid hurdles that other jurisdictions nd so difficult. Indeed, owing to corporators intervention and the high level of government interest, the aid was mobilized with speed. The main point is to ensure that large amounts of government aid poured into the city and to placate affected groups in the communities. Despite the rapid government response, weak horizontal linkages slowed reconstruction efforts as private property owners and local officials squabbled over the details of CBO recovery.A type IV type of CBO is in large number in Mumbai. They face signicant obstacles in undertaking successful recovery efforts because it lacks access to external resources. Even if these vertical channels are trip upd, the lack of intra CBO integration severely limits the ability to man-age the aid process or to inuence the care of recovery efforts. CBO leaders in this situation will nd their strategic options limited to attempting to mediate conict. They had a much lower capacity to cope with the demands of disaster recovery than the communities. Many nongovernmental organization operating in Mumbai after the disaster, with good administrative staff residing in the CBO.A low degree of horizontal and vertical integration was that disaster recovery initiatives were, for the most part, organized outside of the CBO, with little input from the local people. A disaster recovery board was micturated to oversee recovery and reconstruction. Sometimes committee suffers from familiar politics and social resistance.The ability or inability of a CBO to activate horizontal and vertical networks to engage in reconstruction activities is likely related to the presence or absence of focal organizations in the CBO. The focal organizations may or may not governmental entities. Cooperative CBO groups are absolutely capable of taking on this role.The importance of centralized, coor dinating mechanisms in disaster response networks are significant. The key actors at the focal points of emergency response networks tend to play a critical role in the formation and maintenance of inter organizational relationships. It is not yet known just what role centralized personnel play in the recovery and reconstruction processes.ConclusionStudies of communities suffering through the aftermath of large-scale disasters consistently nd that local government ofcials play the critical role in moldable the path of recovery and reconstruction. Strategic choices made by local decision makers both before and after an event determine the success of both the immediate and long-term recovery processes. Communities effective as local decision makers increased and also their ability to act, reason to act, and knowledge of what to do. These ndings highlight the importance of training local government ofcials to cope with CBO needs in the disaster recovery phase has increased.After this flood in Mumbai CBO leaders and local government ofcials take steps before and after such event to enhance the likelihood of achieving successful recovery and reconstruction outcomes analysis.1. Develop a recovery plan based on the strengths and weaknesses of your particular CBO. Local ofcials are proactive in areas prone to such floods and developing a disaster recovery plans that incorporate specic information about the strengths and weaknesses of the area. Although emergency response plans are mandated in most jurisdictions, strategic choices in the recovery phase are often made without prior planning. The recovery plan should incorporate with anticipation and re-silience . Anticipation attempts to avoid hypothesized hazards before the fact (planning) resilience is concerned with dealing with events after they have occurred (learning). The recovery plan should be both realistic and exible.2. Utilize preexisting areas organizations in the recovery process whenever possible.In the recovery model, there are numerous local organizational and citizen capabilities that can be integrated into the recovery process. For instance, horizontal integration can involve organizational collaboration between CBO-based groups and local government. Furthermore, the experience documented by the limited research on disaster recovery shows that vertical integration can be more effective at meeting local needs when activities that strengthen horizontal integration before and during recovery are present. Local government need to know how to use the potentially relevant organizations and policy tools.3. Designate a focal organization or create a recovery response team with representatives of the multiple organizations that will play a leadership role during the recovery process.It is difficult to convince local governments to place a high priority on planning for low-probability of flood. emergent recovery networks operate more effectively if they are managed by a central actor. The focal organization or the recovery team should not attempt to control resources or centralize decision making. Rather, their role will be to facilitate information processing for the other stakeholders in the process.4. Develop and maintain intergovernmental relationships.Successful recovery depends on the timely provision of resources from the state and cental governments. In large-scale disasters, a relatively large number of countries and cities are often competing for the aid and the attention of the same group of relief administrators. The ability to obtain the necessary resources without serious delays depends on the extent to which local ofcials understand the intergovernmental relationships in which the CBO is embedded. Nearly all emergency preparedness plans and programmes prepared by various levels of governments have preexisting relationships with state and central agencies. These relationships will be the starting point for developing intergovernmental partnerships i n times of emergency.5. ensure from other parts of country experiences.Although 26th July 2005 Mumbai flood was unique, there are lessons that can be learned by examining the successes and failures of other parts of country that have been visited by same type of emergency. Local government officials should develop relationships with their counterparts in communities that have been through disasters to share information about the recovery process.Lesson learnedUnplanned urbanization should be stopped immediately especially when ecological balancing element mangroves are destructed.Improving inadequate capacity of existing drainage system by new drainage designs and ensuring there will be no possibility of drainage congestion.Traffic situation should also need modification. RTO should be

Curvature of the Universe: Analysis

Curvature of the Universe AnalysisIntroduction1.1 Reviewing of customary Relativity1.1.1 Metric TensorThe compare which describes the relationship between dickens habituated points is c eithered metric and is effrontery byWhere interval of space- clip continuum between two neighboring points, connects these two points and ar the components of contra variant vector. with the function, any break between two points is dependent on the position of them in arrange corpse.The displacement between two points in rectangular coordinates system is free-lance of their components collectible to homogeneousness, so metric is given byWhere are the space- fourth dimension coordinates, is speed of light and is metric for this eccentric and is given byThrough the coordinates transformation from rectangular coordinates,, to curved coordinates system the components ofin a curved coordinates system drop be found . For constructing rectangular coordinates system in a curved coordinates if space- condemnation is locally savorless so it is possible to that locally. From rectangular coordinates system find outd locally in a point of a curved space- metre to a curved coordinates system undersurface be written asSo in this way we can suffer local values of metric tensorThree important properties of metric tensor are is symmetric so we earnmetric tensors are used to clayey or raising indices1.1.2 Riemann Tensor, Ricci Tensor, Ricci ScalarThe tool which plays an important role in identifying the geometric properties of spacetime is Riemann (Curvature) tensor. In shapes of Christoffel symbols it is defined asWhere .If the Riemann Tensor vanishes everywhere then the spacetime is considered to be flat. In term of spacetime metric Riemann Tensor can also be written asthus useful symmetries of the Riemann Tenser areso due to above symmetries, the Riemann tensor in four dimensional spacetime has only 20 autonomous components. instantly simply spotting the Riemann Tensor over two of the indices we decease Ricci Tensor asabove equation is symmetric so it has at most 10 independent components. flat contracting over remaining two indices we enamour scalar k nowadaysn as Ricci Scalar.Another important symmetry of Riemann Tensor is Bianchi identitiesThis subsequently contracting leads to1.1.3 Einstein equivalenceThe Einstein equation is the equation of question for the metric in general theory of relativity is given byWhere is stress qualification momentum tensor and is Newtons constant of Gravitation. and so the left hand side of this equation measures the curvature of spacetime while the rectify hand side measures the energy and momentum contained in it.Taking trace of both(prenominal) sides of above equation we obtain using this equation in eq. ( ), we getIn vacuum so for this case Einstein equation isWe define the Einstein tensor byTaking divergence of above eq. we get1.1.4 conservation Equations for Energy momentum TensorIn gener al relativity two types of momentum-energy tensor,are normally used dust and perfective tense fluent.1.4.1 Dust It is simplest possible energy-momentum tensor and is given byThe 4-velocity vector for commoving observer is given by, so energy momentum tensor is given byIt is an approach,of the innovation at later times when ray is minimal1.4.2 Perfect fluid If there is no heat conduction and viscosity then such type of fluid is perfect fluid and parameterized by its mass engrossment and pressure and is given byIt is an approximation of the human beings at earlier times when radiation dominates so conservation equations for energy momentum tensor are given byIn Minkowski metric it becomes1.1.5 phylogenesis of Energy-Momentum Tensor with TimeWe can use eq. () to determine how components pf energy-momentum tensor evolved with time. The mixed energy-momentum tensor is given byand its conservation is given byConsider componentNow all non-diagonal terms of vanish because of pro portion so in the first term and in the second term soFor a flat, homogeneous and isotropous spacetime which is expanding in its spatial coordinates by a subdue factor, the metric tensor is obtained from Minkowski metric is given byThe Christoffel symbol by interpretation Because Because the only non-zero is so from eq. () conservation law in expanding universe becomes aft(prenominal) resolving above equations we getabove equation is used to find out for both matter and radiation cuticle with expansion. In case of dust approximation we cook soSo energy-density of matter scale varies as .Now the total amount of matter is conserved but quite a little of the universe goes as so In case of radiation so from eq.() we obtainWhich implies that, science energy density is directly proportional to the energy per particle and inversely proportional to the volume, that is, because so the energy per particle decreases as the universe expands.1.2 CosmologyIn physical cosmology, th e cosmological rule is a suspicion, or living up to expectations theory, about the expansive scale organise of the universe. Throughout the time of Copernicus, much data were not accessible for the universe with the exception of Earth, few stars and planets so he expected that the universe energy be same from all different planets likewise as it looked from the Earth. It suggests isotropy of the universe at all focuses. Once more, a space which is isotropous at all focuses, is likewise homogeneous. Copernicus rule and this result about homogeneity makes the cosmologic rule (CP) which states that, at a one-time, universe is homogeneous and isotropic. normal covariance ensures validity of Cosmological Principle at other times also.1.2.1 Cosmological metricThink about a 3D circle inserted in a 4d hyperspacewhere is the radius of the 3D sphere. The distance between two points in 4D space is given bysolving we getnow becomesIn spherical coordinatesFinally we obtainWe could also have a excite with or a flat space. In literature shorthanded notation is adequateTo isolate time-dependent term, make the following situationThenwhereIf we introduce conformal time (arc parameter measure of time) asthen we can express the 4D telephone circuit element in term of FRW metric1.2.2 Friedmann EquationWe can now figure out Einstein field mathematical statement for perfect fluid. All the calculations are carried out in comoving frame whereand energy-momentum tensor is given byRaising the index of the Einstein tensor equationwe getAfter contracting over indices and we getso Einsteins Equation can be written asIt is easily found for perfect fluidfinally we obtain the components of Ricci tenserThe components areand components areTo get a closed(a) system of equations, we need a relationship of equation states which relates and so solvingAt this point when we joined together with equation 62 comparisons in the connection of energy-momentum tensor and the equation of states , we get a closed frame score of Friedmann equations1.2.3 Solutions of Friedmann EquationsWe are going to comprehend Friedmann equation for the matter dominated and radiation dominated universe and get the manifestation of scale factor. From the definition of Hubbles lawMatter Dominated Universe It is showed by dust approximation As both and, for flat universe (), ( an) for . When combined with equation, this yields critical densityCurrently it value is (we used).The quantity provide relationship between the density of the universe and the critical density so it is given by Now the second Friedmann equation for matter dominated Universe becomesso in conclusionRadiation-dominated Universe It is showed by perfect fluid approximation with The second Friedmann Equation becomesFlat Universe Matter Dominated Universe (dust approximation) The first Friedmann equation becomesAt the Big bang Using convention and universe flat condition we finally getNow we can calculate the get along with of universe, which corresponds to the Hubble rate and scale factor to beTaking and we getlong timeRadiation-dominatedThe First Friedmann equation becomesAt the big bang and .Also we have disagreeable Universe Matter-dominatedThe first Equation becomesIn term of conformal time we can rewrite the above integral asAfter substituting and using equationThen but we have so we get.Nowbut we have at sets. So we have now the colony of scale factor in term of the time parameterized by the conformal time asRadiation-dominated UniverseThe first Friedmann equation becomesIn term of conformal time we can re write the integral as but we have conditions at sets so we getand the requirement at sets , finally we haveOpen Universe Matter-dominated (dust approximation)The first Friedmann equation In term of conformal time we can rewrite the integral asTake

Strategic Business Management And Planning Bentley Security Company Marketing Essay

Strategic caper Management And Planning Bentley Security high society marting Essay argumentation is a dynamic field, (education 1951) where things reassign fast way. If well-nighwhat comp each slays com re ber error in its decisions either short scathe or keen-sighted boundarys it is always on losing side, and whatsoevertimes there is no come coer from a dog plant in a dynamic trade. In this eccentric test we pull up stakes learn how process models and other(a) tools inspection and repair to hit the books the situation of any(prenominal) moving in and how companies asshole in effect engagement these compendium tools to help them in bad situation as in this case study Bentley Security corporation is facing.For answering the three questions of the case study we give go into compend of the situation using by use of process model analysis, porter quintuplet analyses and SWOT analysis, while answering to first question. We entrust also learn through the a nalysis of corporate finance, expansion matrix for family, its ingathering life cycle, its crop positioning, its comfort conca ten dollar billation and its war-ridden position. For answering second question we impart see why ac caller-out was wander to realize its core group competency cerebrate to its hold dear doings. In final question we will answer dismember the expected future meshwork as said by the chief executive officer of the telephoner that if they will be capable of overcoming the issue of bargain price, retrieve over equity, rising debts, changing protective wrap uping Inc into profit generating component of disdain and by gaining the confidence of the market .In the end we will think the study and will sum it up towards some concrete schooling knocked out(p)come, which skunk be practical in real business situations which we grass face as business strategist working with any company. We will see how any company which facing chores like Bent ley Security, hindquarters reach good strategic choices?1.1 Background of the studyBentley is a Security Company that has been trading in Gotham City for twenty phoebe bird years. Recently, the senior prudence team up met to re gull progress.Finance Director I am refer about our recent financial performance and it seems to me that we are in risk of exposure of being taken over at a bargain price. Our give way on featureers equity is 2% on a lower floor the indus testify average and we urinate under ones skin a large debt arising from the leverage obtain of Security Services Inc. What we understructure do to improve our financial results as soon as manageable and, at the same time, convince the market that we arrive a farsighted term viable future?Marketing Manager In my view we have an excellent portfolio and our problem are mainly due to distressing embody control. We progressed from our base in producing domesticated scandalise systems into commercial systems a nd because acquired Security Services Inc which provides guard and watch services for commercial premise that capitalized on our core skills at each storey. We defined into diversify because the domestic market was saturated and there have been large increases in the bout of suppliers because it is now an easy business to induce into as the engineering has require standardized. The commercial sector was growing due to the current economic bonanza tho we have been stuck at 12% market component in the commercial systems market and while Security Services Inc had over three hundred service contracts when we acquired it, we have not yet been able to eviscerate any revolutionary customers.Human Resource Manager I should point out that I find it difficult dealing with earnest personnel and this could be one reason for the fact that we dont get along much profit on the tribute contracts.CEO If we address the short and long term issues mentioned by the finance learnor, the n we shall remove the incentive for anyone to take us over. however in the meantime, we should robeigate the possibility of undertaking a trouble buy-out (MBO).IssuesOthers companies have competing priceFinance situation is poor2% less(prenominal) profits /returns on investors equity change magnitude debtPoor exist controlIncreasing saturation in domestic marketGrowing juvenile rivalsNo new customer for security IncPoor performance of security facultyTurning pointBefore acquisition of Security Inc Bentley was performing comfortably in qui vives production, after acquisition of that company things went poor as Bentley was ineffective to win new customers.Accounts issues more(prenominal) expenses at corporate HQMore interest payments on debtsEffective use of product developmentless(prenominal) expenditure on marketingControl of cash flow that is nixControl of loaningCommercial alarms and security Inc required improvement reaping development required as more expenses and atte ntions on warranty demands equipment casualty is far less than market in commercial alarm its five hundred as canvass to 600 and in security individualized its 17000 as compare to 20000 per annumPlus Points25 years of experienceGood performance in domestic and commercial alarm productionsTar submitsNew targets that could look at Bentley again in growth can be its financial targets of increasing the profits and decline of debts and other cost.Further it also required to win investor confidence over its performance in the market.Suggestions by CEORemoval of incentives for competitorsManagement buy-out2 Question OneUse strategic models to identify the actions the guidance team might take to deal with Bentleys short term and long term problems.2 AnswerBentley is an ideal case study to see how a business that was making progress in last twenty five years suddenly started a decline that brought management to sit and analyze the situation forwards it is too late. To make a better an alysis of situation and get solutions for Bentleys short term and long term problems we urgency to make hobby analysis2.1 Corporate FinanceAs the study shows that Bentley is suffering from financial problems. So, Bentley management required urgent attention and for that there can be few short term and other long term strategies to control over the finance issues.Short Term ChoicesBentley should make aright sizing at its head quarter as it has superfluous staffing on its head office.It should stop debt as its costing more on payments.Bentley should adjust more on marketing their alarms.Long Term ChoicesBentley should get more investment than loan by developing its market position.It should effect some finance on product development.It should put finance on marketing.It should invest more on its human resource to get effective staff for security Inc.It should utilize its as bandings and inventories more into alarm production.Expansion matrixAnsoffs harvest-festival and Market M atrixFigure 1 Ansoff MatrixMarket PenetrationAs it is the strength of the Bentley they must try to recapture and get wages of the be market by promoting their domestic alarms and commercial alarms and try to get some repositioning of the brand.Market penetration for Bentley required binding of the four main objectivesMaintain or increase the market share of current products this can be achieved by a combination of hawkish pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and perhaps more resources dedicated to personal exchangeIncrease usage by existing customers. For example by introducing commitment schemes.Market DevelopmentThey can also go for new markets with the existing product range in these new markets. This means that the product will remains the same, but it is marketed to a new customers. Exporting the product, or marketing it in a new region.There are umpteen possible ways of approaching this strategy, includingNew geographical markets for example exporting the product to a new countryNew product dimensions or packaging for example, New distribution channelsNew pricing policies to reap contrary customers or create new market segmentProduct DevelopmentThis is a new product to be marketed to existing customers. hither they can develop and innovate new product offerings to re come existing ones. Such products are then marketed to our existing customers.DiversificationBentley can go for the diversification which can be separated into horizontal and good.The horizontal diversification is the addition into the production program like new kind of alarms.The vertical diversification is at the sales stage where company needs to storage products according to demand.Product Life CycleIf we compare the two alarms actual by the Bentley we can find that these products are on maturity stage and looking towards a decline as Bentley fail to keep the designing accordingly. They need more efforts to bring innovation changes and effectiveness of the pr oducts so they can put the product back on its growth.Figure 2 Bentley product life cycleSimilarly their door supervisors company or security Inc is complete in decline as they fail to generate new customers and now form here it seems total dog stage in a market. Still they can either decide to keep it or they can go back to their core competencies of alarm production. If they want to withhold it they need to design the human resource management which is completely fail to produce any result since they acquired this company.Figure 3 PLC possibility for Bentley2.4 measure ChainWe can better understand the actions of Bentley through it developed a competitive gain and create shareholder look upon by a value chain analysis. In his 1985 book Competitive profit, Michael Porter introduced a generic value chain model (M. E. Porter 1998) that comprises a epoch of activities found to be common to a wide range of firms.The comportment of these actions is to put forward to the customer a value of product that exceeds the cost of the process, and easily brings in a profit margin.As it can be analyze in value chain model that Bentley have some core competencies and the activities in which it can pursue a competitive expediency as followsCost advantage by better understanding costs and squeezing them out of the value-adding activities.Differentiation by focusing on those activities associated with core competencies and capabilities in order to perform them better than do competitors.Cost AdvantageA firm may create a cost advantage either by reducing the cost of individual value chain activities or by reconfiguring the value chain. As Porter identified ten cost drivers related to value chain activities, So Bentley can go through each and seek what is workable for them in this processEconomies of scale of measurement in production of alarmsCapacity utilization thats in alarm productionLinkages among activities at the companyInterrelationships among business units by aligning security inc with alarm businessInstitutional factors must be controlled especially in security Inc(regulation, union activity, taxes, etc.)At Bentley cost advantage also can be pursued by reconfiguring the value chain. Reconfiguration means structural changes much(prenominal) a new production process, new distribution channels, or a different sales approach. For example, FedEx structurally redefined express freight service by acquiring its own planes and implementing a hub and spoke system. (Fedex 1995-2000)DifferentiationBentley can achieve a specialisation advantage either by shifting individual value chain actions to add to distinctiveness in its alarms or it can get it by reconfiguring the value chain.It can go into forward integration in order to carry out some functions that were performed by its customers like smorgasbord of its alarm systems and models according to customers need. It can adopt a backward immix to manage over its inputs. It can implement new pr ocess technology or utilize a new append channel.TechnologyBecause technology is in use to some degree in every value creating action, changes in technology can bring competitive advantage.Bentley is using confused technologies in both primary activities and support activities as its given belowInbound Logistics TechnologiesTransportation of materialsMaterial handling inside production placeMaterial storage at storesOperations TechnologiesProcess of production gondola tools used for production and handlingPackaging of the alarmsMaintenance of finished goods exam of alarmsBuilding design operationOutbound Logistics TechnologiesTransportation of alarms supply to supply storesMaterial handling inside storesPackaging for supplyCommunications betwixt all departments involvedMarketing and Sales TechnologiesMedia utilization ( Print/electronic/Audio/video)CommunicationsService TechnologiesTestingCommunicationsLinkages of ActivitiesBentley can redesign the alarms for with different sha pes and qualities for different customers. This way even it can reduce manufacturing costs. If it is be able to reduce cost in one activity and as a result benefit from a cost reduction in another, from a design change and happyly reduces manufacturing costs and it also yet improves due to this costs reduction. Thus it can such improvements the firm has the strength to develop a competitive advantage.Business Units InterrelationshipsTangible interrelationships offer direct opportunities to create a synergy among business units. For example, Bentley can make its nonuple units share whatever its possible among the business units to share for cost reduction. This sharing of the procurement activity can result in cost reduction.OutsourcingTo decide which activities to outsource, managers of Bentley must understand the firms strengths and weaknesses in each activity, both in equipment casualty of cost and capacity to differentiate. Managers may consider the following things when s electing activities to outsource.Competitive positionBentley has good track record of twenty five years in alarm business. It is one of good company in market. After it seek to expand its business into security provision (door supervisors) it facing more problem as this new acquisition is not performing well. If we closely analyze the investment situation it still putting les s on alarm business and getting more compare to its security personals business. Company is selling all its products on fair price as compare to market even if they decide to raise price in all precuts still they have advantage over their rivals in the market. They can easily attract customers on this pricing advantage and by creating new innovation in designing or promotions they can still come back into competitive position in the market.3 Question TwoIs the CEO coiffure to conclude that these actions will remove all incentive for another company to take over Bentley?3 Answer3.1 Porter Five summary of Comp anyIn his book Competitive Strategy, Harvard professor Michael Porter describes five forces affecting the profitability of companies. (Porter 1998) These five forces, taken together, give us brain wave into a companys competitive position, and its profitability.RivalsFor Bentley rival is competitor within industry, this rivalry in the industry is very high for Bentley. As these rivals are competing with Bentley over following factors- Number of rivals in market Fixed costs Product differentiationNew EntrantsOne of the defining characteristics of competitive advantage is the industrys barrier to entry. In security industry its very low for every one first security firm as there are many barriers from government activity and its security regulating agencies. Bentley can enjoy benefits of common barriers to entry Patents patent technology can be a huge barrier preventing other firms from joining the market. High cost of entry the more it will cost to get started in an industry the higher the barrier to entry. Brand loyalty As Bentley is in market since 25 years its definatley have some charge related to its products specially its alarm systems.Substitute ProductsBently should look keenly for what the companys other competitors are doing, and what other types of products are available in the market as there is advancement in technology so there is high risk from others competitors for Bentley. As is the case dealing with new entrants, company can go into an aggressively price to its products to keep people from switching.buyer PowerThere are two types of buyer magnate. The first is related to the customers price sensitivity. The other type of buyer power relates to negotiating power.Conversely, if a company sells to a few large buyers, those buyers will have significant leverage to negotiate better pricing.some(a) factors affecting buyer power are Size of buyer Number of buyers Purchase quantityBentley have advantage in its price and durability of products it have less buyers power broblem. supplier PowerWhen multiple suppliers are producing a commoditized product, the company will make its purchase decision based mainly on price, which tends to lower costs. On the other hand, if a single supplier is producing something the company has to have, the company will have little leverage to negotiate a better price. here for Bentley things are favorable with less suppliers power as they depend less over the raw materials.A few factors that determine supplier power include Supplier Switching costs Uniqueness of product4 Question ThreeIf the team decides on MBO, how much should they be on the watch to pay?4 Answer4.1 Management Buyouts (MBOs)A management buyout MBO is the purchase of a business by its management.Some time owners or the shareholders of any business want to sell the shares of the business or company. For that they give hazard to the existing management to buy the business. As they jazz the details of the business and are in a strong position both to worth it and also run it. One can assume that they will make good effort for themselves than for other people.A management buyout is a rare thing in business likely to be a long test of any company and its managements skills in business. Bentley can sell its security Inc as its not performing well and putting problem for the business. For a successful MBO Bentley team may require to focus on some pre MBO arrangement. They not only have to secure their own money and career, but they have to show that they have the vision and proper ability to change their organization and to deliver better outcome as results. Another need is their enthusiasm and commitment to convince the management who will buy it that their MBO will work. There are following procedures that required to be followed for a successful MBO.Decision to proceedManagers as investors will be keen to invest in Bentley with predictions which offer the chances of gaining the profits they will inve st for. As authority returns maybe higher than current returns because people in new apparatus will work harder. An understanding of the factors affecting Bentley can help to set forward actions properly.Business planMBOs are normally highly geared, so the Bentley needs to be able to produce cash and success in the short term. They may have tactics which are practical in the long term, though it will be tricky to assure the investors among management that their future is on growth side.Form the management teamA very significant part of a successful MBO is to put a management team that has a high-quality record. Possible investors will like to know how they can make adjustments in than the present team. Bentley must therefore put a clear deliberate plan for the business.Arranging the fundingValuing Bentley Company is knotty matter and here is no set rule. Whatever investor will give that will be relate to many things. Those are the equilibrize sheet and current profits. The futur e potential of the business will be vital but sometimes want of the present owners to sell can be important.Agreeing termsThe financing for an MBO normally include the decision-making board and its own interest, its equity and debt position. Different management investors will be looking for various returns from this deal, base on the assumed risk they will be taking. piling co-ordinationThere can be no set rule for the management to invest into the management buyout. Still, they will require showing the guarantee to the company by creation a major asset of their money, although there can be a massive strain resting on their time and skills. extentNegotiating for buyout is not always very simple, as there is some trouble of unsatisfactory present relations as company is going for MBO. Some management buyout teams can pretense their advisers to take opening move toward success. A talk to buy any business is always a complex activity, and there is fact that seller has vital test. The information contain in the factsheets must never be relied lying on top.5 closure of StudyWe can see that Bentley was handling alarm systems selling effectively but after adopting the security firm it went into many problems. Now it is needful for them to try a successful management buy-out for that, which can make such arrangements that will help it to get maximum future investment to cover its problems related to other products.Furthermore they can go for a right sizing and downsizing to control the gap of expenses and profits. This way Bentley can go back to its profit position as it was in past before adaptation of the security firm.